Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha; Girma Gonfa Hunde; Muleta Ali Wakjira; Nedumaran Balasubramanian

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha, Girma Gonfa Hunde, Muleta Ali Wakjira, Nedumaran Balasubramanian

Published in Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 14 August 2022 Accepted: 16 September 2022 Published: 29 September 2022

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Abstract

Water hyacinth (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant with extremely high growth rate which pose a threat in the past and great challenge due to its ability to rapidly cover the whole water body, leading to phytoplankton. Biological, physical and chemical methods have been tried resulting into high cost and labor requirements, for the control and eradication of this plant from water bodies. The aim of this study was to utilize this plant for production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydrolysis with sulphuric acid at varying values of reaction temperature, time and acid concentration. Pre-treatment steps such as soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment and bleaching were performed for successful isolation of cellulose for acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, purified dispersion of CNCs was obtained using successive centrifugation, dialysis and ultra-sonication. The effect of process parameters on the yield of CNCs was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The raw WH, freeze dried cellulose and CNCs samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size analyzer. It was found that the whisker-shaped structured CNCs was isolated with an average diameter of 102.6 nm and showing high thermal stability. It was also observed that the non-cellulosic components were successfully removed and the crystallinity index as well as crystal thickness of the sample was improved after each treatment. The yield of CNCs was affected by selected process parameters and the maximum yield of 37.72% was obtained at 50°C, 35 min and 54% acid concentration and optimized to 38.4057%.

Published in	Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
Page(s)	90-101
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water Hyacinth, Sulphuric Acid, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Hydrolysis

References

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APA Style

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha, Girma Gonfa Hunde, Muleta Ali Wakjira, Nedumaran Balasubramanian. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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ACS Style

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha; Girma Gonfa Hunde; Muleta Ali Wakjira; Nedumaran Balasubramanian. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022, 7(3), 90-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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AMA Style

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha, Girma Gonfa Hunde, Muleta Ali Wakjira, Nedumaran Balasubramanian. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2022;7(3):90-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16,
  author = {Muluneh Ayalew Balcha and Girma Gonfa Hunde and Muleta Ali Wakjira and Nedumaran Balasubramanian},
  title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20220703.16},
  abstract = {Water hyacinth (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant with extremely high growth rate which pose a threat in the past and great challenge due to its ability to rapidly cover the whole water body, leading to phytoplankton. Biological, physical and chemical methods have been tried resulting into high cost and labor requirements, for the control and eradication of this plant from water bodies. The aim of this study was to utilize this plant for production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydrolysis with sulphuric acid at varying values of reaction temperature, time and acid concentration. Pre-treatment steps such as soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment and bleaching were performed for successful isolation of cellulose for acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, purified dispersion of CNCs was obtained using successive centrifugation, dialysis and ultra-sonication. The effect of process parameters on the yield of CNCs was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The raw WH, freeze dried cellulose and CNCs samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size analyzer. It was found that the whisker-shaped structured CNCs was isolated with an average diameter of 102.6 nm and showing high thermal stability. It was also observed that the non-cellulosic components were successfully removed and the crystallinity index as well as crystal thickness of the sample was improved after each treatment. The yield of CNCs was affected by selected process parameters and the maximum yield of 37.72% was obtained at 50°C, 35 min and 54% acid concentration and optimized to 38.4057%.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis
AU  - Muluneh Ayalew Balcha
AU  - Girma Gonfa Hunde
AU  - Muleta Ali Wakjira
AU  - Nedumaran Balasubramanian
Y1  - 2022/09/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 90
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
AB  - Water hyacinth (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant with extremely high growth rate which pose a threat in the past and great challenge due to its ability to rapidly cover the whole water body, leading to phytoplankton. Biological, physical and chemical methods have been tried resulting into high cost and labor requirements, for the control and eradication of this plant from water bodies. The aim of this study was to utilize this plant for production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydrolysis with sulphuric acid at varying values of reaction temperature, time and acid concentration. Pre-treatment steps such as soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment and bleaching were performed for successful isolation of cellulose for acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, purified dispersion of CNCs was obtained using successive centrifugation, dialysis and ultra-sonication. The effect of process parameters on the yield of CNCs was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The raw WH, freeze dried cellulose and CNCs samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size analyzer. It was found that the whisker-shaped structured CNCs was isolated with an average diameter of 102.6 nm and showing high thermal stability. It was also observed that the non-cellulosic components were successfully removed and the crystallinity index as well as crystal thickness of the sample was improved after each treatment. The yield of CNCs was affected by selected process parameters and the maximum yield of 37.72% was obtained at 50°C, 35 min and 54% acid concentration and optimized to 38.4057%.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Girma Gonfa Hunde

Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Muleta Ali Wakjira

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Nedumaran Balasubramanian

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia

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Muluneh Ayalew Balcha, Girma Gonfa Hunde, Muleta Ali Wakjira, Nedumaran Balasubramanian. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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ACS Style

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha; Girma Gonfa Hunde; Muleta Ali Wakjira; Nedumaran Balasubramanian. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022, 7(3), 90-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

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AMA Style

Muluneh Ayalew Balcha, Girma Gonfa Hunde, Muleta Ali Wakjira, Nedumaran Balasubramanian. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2022;7(3):90-101. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16,
  author = {Muluneh Ayalew Balcha and Girma Gonfa Hunde and Muleta Ali Wakjira and Nedumaran Balasubramanian},
  title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20220703.16},
  abstract = {Water hyacinth (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant with extremely high growth rate which pose a threat in the past and great challenge due to its ability to rapidly cover the whole water body, leading to phytoplankton. Biological, physical and chemical methods have been tried resulting into high cost and labor requirements, for the control and eradication of this plant from water bodies. The aim of this study was to utilize this plant for production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydrolysis with sulphuric acid at varying values of reaction temperature, time and acid concentration. Pre-treatment steps such as soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment and bleaching were performed for successful isolation of cellulose for acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, purified dispersion of CNCs was obtained using successive centrifugation, dialysis and ultra-sonication. The effect of process parameters on the yield of CNCs was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The raw WH, freeze dried cellulose and CNCs samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size analyzer. It was found that the whisker-shaped structured CNCs was isolated with an average diameter of 102.6 nm and showing high thermal stability. It was also observed that the non-cellulosic components were successfully removed and the crystallinity index as well as crystal thickness of the sample was improved after each treatment. The yield of CNCs was affected by selected process parameters and the maximum yield of 37.72% was obtained at 50°C, 35 min and 54% acid concentration and optimized to 38.4057%.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Water Hyacinth Using Acid Hydrolysis
AU  - Muluneh Ayalew Balcha
AU  - Girma Gonfa Hunde
AU  - Muleta Ali Wakjira
AU  - Nedumaran Balasubramanian
Y1  - 2022/09/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 90
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20220703.16
AB  - Water hyacinth (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant with extremely high growth rate which pose a threat in the past and great challenge due to its ability to rapidly cover the whole water body, leading to phytoplankton. Biological, physical and chemical methods have been tried resulting into high cost and labor requirements, for the control and eradication of this plant from water bodies. The aim of this study was to utilize this plant for production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using hydrolysis with sulphuric acid at varying values of reaction temperature, time and acid concentration. Pre-treatment steps such as soxhlet extraction, alkaline treatment and bleaching were performed for successful isolation of cellulose for acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, purified dispersion of CNCs was obtained using successive centrifugation, dialysis and ultra-sonication. The effect of process parameters on the yield of CNCs was evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The raw WH, freeze dried cellulose and CNCs samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation, differential scanning calorimetry and particle size analyzer. It was found that the whisker-shaped structured CNCs was isolated with an average diameter of 102.6 nm and showing high thermal stability. It was also observed that the non-cellulosic components were successfully removed and the crystallinity index as well as crystal thickness of the sample was improved after each treatment. The yield of CNCs was affected by selected process parameters and the maximum yield of 37.72% was obtained at 50°C, 35 min and 54% acid concentration and optimized to 38.4057%.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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