Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Elechi Owhoeke; Michael Horsfall Jnr; Charles Ikenna Osu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Elechi Owhoeke, Michael Horsfall Jnr, Charles Ikenna Osu

Published in Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 20 October 2019 Accepted: 4 November 2019 Published: 6 January 2020

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Abstract

The levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated farmland soil from three oil-producing communities (Oboburu, Obagi, and Ogbogu) in Egi, Niger Delta were assessed for variability, origin and health risks. The result showed that tPAHs of Oboburu were 1344±1685 mg/kg for carcinogenic while BaP (257.3±270.5 mg/kg) had the greatest value. Obagi had 4154±3461 mg/kg for cPAHs with BkF (861.5±543.7 mg/kg) having the greatest amount. Ogbogu was 354.7±360.7 mg/kg for total cPAHs while BgP (104.1±141.8 mg/kg) had highest amount. The dominant PAHs were BbF, BkF, DbA, BaP, IdP and BgP. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the PAHs were majorly of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. The predicted risk due to PAHs in soil for children showed tPAHs was 1.68E-2, with high risk for BaP (9.05E-3), IdP (5.05E-3), BbF (1.63E-3) and BkF (1.04E-3), while the adults estimation showed tPAHs was 1.13E-2 and high risk were for BaP (2.30E-3), IdP (1.08E-3) and BkF (2.57E-4). These values are more than the limit of the US EPA risk management criterion (10^-6 to 10^-4) where management decisions should be considered. The trend indicated that their presence in the environment makes it unsafe for the dwellers.

Published in	Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
Page(s)	61-66
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

PAHs, Sources, Risk, Contamination, Egi

References

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[2]	Inam, E., Owhoeke, E. & Essien, J. (2014). Human carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater samples from Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni communities in rivers state, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria: 39 (2), 15-22.
[3]	Li Z, Ma Z, Van der Kuijp T. J., Yuan, Z. and Huang, L. (2014b). A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Science and Total Environment: 468–469, 843–853.
[4]	USEPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund, vol. I: human health evaluation manual (Part A). I: 291. doi: EPA/540/1-89/002. USEPA, Washington, DC.
[5]	USEPA (2004) Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS), vol. I: human health evaluation manual (Part E, supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment). USEPA, Washington, DC.
[6]	USEPA (2009) Risk assessment guidance for superfund, vol. I: human health evaluation manual (Part F, supplemental guidance for inhalation risk assessment). USEPA, Washington, DC.
[7]	Emrah, C. (2012). Health risk assessment of trace metals, PAHs and trihalomethanes in drinking water of cankiri, Turkey. E-Journey of Chemistry: 9 (4), 1976-1991.
[8]	Adetunde, O. T., Mills, G. A., Olayinka, K. O., and Alo, B. I. (2014). Assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via involuntary ingestion of soil from contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 49, 1661–1671.
[9]	Wang, J., Zhang, X., Ling, W., Liu, R., Liu, J., Kang, F. and Gao, Y. (2016). Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in soils and crops bin industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, Chemosphere: Doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.113.
[10]	Barrán-Berdón, L. A., González, G. V., Aboytes, P. G., Rodea-Palomares, I., Carrillo-Chávez, A., Gómez-Ruiz, H. and Cuéllar, V. B. (2012). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from a brick manufacturing location in central mexico, Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambient: 28 (4), 277-288.
[11]	Tarafdar, A. and Sinha, A. (2017). Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soils and Sediments of India: A Meta-Analysis, Environmental Management: DOI 10.1007/s00267-017-0920-6.
[12]	Ray, S., Khillare, P. S., Agarwal, T. and Shridhar, V. (2008). Assessment of PAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi, Indian Journal of Hazardous Material: 156, 9–16.
[13]	Khalili, N. R., Scheff, P. A. and Holsen, T. M. (1995). PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmosphere and Environment; 29, 533–542.
[14]	Kong, S., Ding, X., Bai, Z., Han, B., Chen, L., Shi, J. and Li, Z. (2010). A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. Journal of Hazardous Material: 183, 70–80.
[15]	Cocarta, M. I., Stoian, A. M. and Badea, A. (2016). Human health risk assessment: a case study involving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons soil contamination and human exposure international Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology: 4 (1), 144-149.
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APA Style

Elechi Owhoeke, Michael Horsfall Jnr, Charles Ikenna Osu. (2020). Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, 5(4), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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ACS Style

Elechi Owhoeke; Michael Horsfall Jnr; Charles Ikenna Osu. Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J. Drug Des. Med. Chem. 2020, 5(4), 61-66. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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AMA Style

Elechi Owhoeke, Michael Horsfall Jnr, Charles Ikenna Osu. Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Drug Des Med Chem. 2020;5(4):61-66. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12,
  author = {Elechi Owhoeke and Michael Horsfall Jnr and Charles Ikenna Osu},
  title = {Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {61-66},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  abstract = {The levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated farmland soil from three oil-producing communities (Oboburu, Obagi, and Ogbogu) in Egi, Niger Delta were assessed for variability, origin and health risks. The result showed that tPAHs of Oboburu were 1344±1685 mg/kg for carcinogenic while BaP (257.3±270.5 mg/kg) had the greatest value. Obagi had 4154±3461 mg/kg for cPAHs with BkF (861.5±543.7 mg/kg) having the greatest amount. Ogbogu was 354.7±360.7 mg/kg for total cPAHs while BgP (104.1±141.8 mg/kg) had highest amount. The dominant PAHs were BbF, BkF, DbA, BaP, IdP and BgP. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the PAHs were majorly of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. The predicted risk due to PAHs in soil for children showed tPAHs was 1.68E-2, with high risk for BaP (9.05E-3), IdP (5.05E-3), BbF (1.63E-3) and BkF (1.04E-3), while the adults estimation showed tPAHs was 1.13E-2 and high risk were for BaP (2.30E-3), IdP (1.08E-3) and BkF (2.57E-4). These values are more than the limit of the US EPA risk management criterion (10-6 to 10-4) where management decisions should be considered. The trend indicated that their presence in the environment makes it unsafe for the dwellers.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria
AU  - Elechi Owhoeke
AU  - Michael Horsfall Jnr
AU  - Charles Ikenna Osu
Y1  - 2020/01/06
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
T2  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
JF  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
JO  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
SP  - 61
EP  - 66
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3576
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
AB  - The levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated farmland soil from three oil-producing communities (Oboburu, Obagi, and Ogbogu) in Egi, Niger Delta were assessed for variability, origin and health risks. The result showed that tPAHs of Oboburu were 1344±1685 mg/kg for carcinogenic while BaP (257.3±270.5 mg/kg) had the greatest value. Obagi had 4154±3461 mg/kg for cPAHs with BkF (861.5±543.7 mg/kg) having the greatest amount. Ogbogu was 354.7±360.7 mg/kg for total cPAHs while BgP (104.1±141.8 mg/kg) had highest amount. The dominant PAHs were BbF, BkF, DbA, BaP, IdP and BgP. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the PAHs were majorly of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. The predicted risk due to PAHs in soil for children showed tPAHs was 1.68E-2, with high risk for BaP (9.05E-3), IdP (5.05E-3), BbF (1.63E-3) and BkF (1.04E-3), while the adults estimation showed tPAHs was 1.13E-2 and high risk were for BaP (2.30E-3), IdP (1.08E-3) and BkF (2.57E-4). These values are more than the limit of the US EPA risk management criterion (10-6 to 10-4) where management decisions should be considered. The trend indicated that their presence in the environment makes it unsafe for the dwellers.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Elechi Owhoeke

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Michael Horsfall Jnr

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Charles Ikenna Osu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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APA Style

Elechi Owhoeke, Michael Horsfall Jnr, Charles Ikenna Osu. (2020). Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, 5(4), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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ACS Style

Elechi Owhoeke; Michael Horsfall Jnr; Charles Ikenna Osu. Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J. Drug Des. Med. Chem. 2020, 5(4), 61-66. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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AMA Style

Elechi Owhoeke, Michael Horsfall Jnr, Charles Ikenna Osu. Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Drug Des Med Chem. 2020;5(4):61-66. doi: 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12,
  author = {Elechi Owhoeke and Michael Horsfall Jnr and Charles Ikenna Osu},
  title = {Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {61-66},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jddmc.20190504.12},
  abstract = {The levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated farmland soil from three oil-producing communities (Oboburu, Obagi, and Ogbogu) in Egi, Niger Delta were assessed for variability, origin and health risks. The result showed that tPAHs of Oboburu were 1344±1685 mg/kg for carcinogenic while BaP (257.3±270.5 mg/kg) had the greatest value. Obagi had 4154±3461 mg/kg for cPAHs with BkF (861.5±543.7 mg/kg) having the greatest amount. Ogbogu was 354.7±360.7 mg/kg for total cPAHs while BgP (104.1±141.8 mg/kg) had highest amount. The dominant PAHs were BbF, BkF, DbA, BaP, IdP and BgP. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the PAHs were majorly of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. The predicted risk due to PAHs in soil for children showed tPAHs was 1.68E-2, with high risk for BaP (9.05E-3), IdP (5.05E-3), BbF (1.63E-3) and BkF (1.04E-3), while the adults estimation showed tPAHs was 1.13E-2 and high risk were for BaP (2.30E-3), IdP (1.08E-3) and BkF (2.57E-4). These values are more than the limit of the US EPA risk management criterion (10-6 to 10-4) where management decisions should be considered. The trend indicated that their presence in the environment makes it unsafe for the dwellers.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Source Tracking and Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Farmlands of Egi, Niger Delta, Nigeria
AU  - Elechi Owhoeke
AU  - Michael Horsfall Jnr
AU  - Charles Ikenna Osu
Y1  - 2020/01/06
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
T2  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
JF  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
JO  - Journal of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
SP  - 61
EP  - 66
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3576
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jddmc.20190504.12
AB  - The levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated farmland soil from three oil-producing communities (Oboburu, Obagi, and Ogbogu) in Egi, Niger Delta were assessed for variability, origin and health risks. The result showed that tPAHs of Oboburu were 1344±1685 mg/kg for carcinogenic while BaP (257.3±270.5 mg/kg) had the greatest value. Obagi had 4154±3461 mg/kg for cPAHs with BkF (861.5±543.7 mg/kg) having the greatest amount. Ogbogu was 354.7±360.7 mg/kg for total cPAHs while BgP (104.1±141.8 mg/kg) had highest amount. The dominant PAHs were BbF, BkF, DbA, BaP, IdP and BgP. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the PAHs were majorly of pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. The predicted risk due to PAHs in soil for children showed tPAHs was 1.68E-2, with high risk for BaP (9.05E-3), IdP (5.05E-3), BbF (1.63E-3) and BkF (1.04E-3), while the adults estimation showed tPAHs was 1.13E-2 and high risk were for BaP (2.30E-3), IdP (1.08E-3) and BkF (2.57E-4). These values are more than the limit of the US EPA risk management criterion (10-6 to 10-4) where management decisions should be considered. The trend indicated that their presence in the environment makes it unsafe for the dwellers.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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