Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach

Stefan Hochstein; Maria Baumgart; Roy Müller; Reinhard Blickhan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach

Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan

Published in International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education (Volume 1, Issue 2)

Received: 24 August 2016 Accepted: 5 September 2016 Published: 22 September 2016

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Abstract

The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.

Published in	International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
Page(s)	21-27
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Center of Mass Location and Variation, Dolphin Kick, Experimental Determination, Setup Error Analysis and Error Propagation

References

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[8]	Gavilan, A., Arellano, R., Sanders, R., 2006. Underwater undulatory swimming: study of frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics of the body wave. In: Vilas-Boas, J., Alves, F., Marques, A. (Eds.), Xth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, Porto, pp. 35–37.
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[17]	Psycharakis, S. G., Sanders, R. H., 2009. Validity of the use of a fixed point for intracycle velocity calculations in swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12 (2), 262–265.
[18]	Salow, E., 2011. Schwerpunktskoordinaten in der Dreiecksgeometrie. Retrieved from http://www.vivat-geo.de/schwerpunkts-koordinaten.html.
[19]	Zatsiorsky, V., Seluyanov, V., 1985. Estimation of the mass and inertia characteristics of the human body by means of the best predictive regression equations. Biomechanics IX-B, 233–239.

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APA Style

Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. (2016). Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 1(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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ACS Style

Stefan Hochstein; Maria Baumgart; Roy Müller; Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int. J. Sports Sci. Phys. Educ. 2016, 1(2), 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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AMA Style

Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2016;1(2):21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12,
  author = {Stefan Hochstein and Maria Baumgart and Roy Müller and Reinhard Blickhan},
  title = {Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach},
  journal = {International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  abstract = {The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach
AU  - Stefan Hochstein
AU  - Maria Baumgart
AU  - Roy Müller
AU  - Reinhard Blickhan
Y1  - 2016/09/22
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
T2  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JF  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JO  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
SP  - 21
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1611
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
AB  - The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.
VL  - 1
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Stefan Hochstein

Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
Maria Baumgart

Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
Roy Müller

Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
Reinhard Blickhan

Motion Science, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. (2016). Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 1(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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ACS Style

Stefan Hochstein; Maria Baumgart; Roy Müller; Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int. J. Sports Sci. Phys. Educ. 2016, 1(2), 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

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AMA Style

Stefan Hochstein, Maria Baumgart, Roy Müller, Reinhard Blickhan. Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach. Int J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2016;1(2):21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12,
  author = {Stefan Hochstein and Maria Baumgart and Roy Müller and Reinhard Blickhan},
  title = {Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach},
  journal = {International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsspe.20160102.12},
  abstract = {The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determine the Center of Mass Position in Human Undulatory Swimming: A Static Approach
AU  - Stefan Hochstein
AU  - Maria Baumgart
AU  - Roy Müller
AU  - Reinhard Blickhan
Y1  - 2016/09/22
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
T2  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JF  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JO  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
SP  - 21
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1611
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160102.12
AB  - The knowledge of the actual center of mass (CoM) position enables an estimation of human motion concerning cause-and-effect relations, e.g. using the principles of linear momentum. Although previous analytical methods are able to calculate the CoM, but its precision strongly depends on the quality of the used models and body segments inertial characteristics. Experimental methods provide a more precise location of body’s CoM, but often only in one dimension or with inadequate measurement errors. The aim of this study is primary (i) to show an experimental setup to determine swimmer’s CoM in 2D (sagittal plane) with small errors of the setup and secondary (ii) to show the location as well as (iii) the variation of swimmer’s CoM for different characteristic positions during an undulatory kick cycle. Five female and five male sport students imitated five different positions of an undulatory swimming kick cycle laying sagittal on a triangular platform. The presented method allows to determine the CoM of swimmer’s actual position with measurement errors of maximum 4 cm. Horizontal and vertical position of the CoM as well as the Euclidean distance significantly differs from the hip for all participants and during all investigated phases of a kick cycle.
VL  - 1
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download