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Transcranial Theory of Mind: A New Revolution of Cognitive Science

Received: 17 April 2019     Accepted: 4 June 2019     Published: 17 June 2019
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Abstract

In recent years, many scientists and philosophers have begun to believe that a new theoretic revolution is occurring in cognitive science. The revolution is the rise of theoretical models of “4E+S” cognition. “4E” denotes “embodied”, “embedded”, “enacted”, and “extended”; “S” denotes “situated”. Differentiating from the traditional computational theory or representational theory of cognition, this branch of new cognitive scientists and philosophers have begun to claim that cognition is embodied, embedded, enacted, extended and situated. All of these five theories agree that cognitive processes can proceed beyond the boundary of the brain. Thus we can synthesize them together as “transcranial cognition” or “transbrain cognition”. The questions are: Are there common characteristics of these five models? Can we integrate them together with a new model of cognition? Is the “4E+S” model a real Copernicus style revolution of cognitive science? This article analyzes these questions and provides the following answers: There is a common characteristics of these cognitive theories and it is the characteristics of transcranialness, i. e. cognition or mind can exist beyond brain; We can integrate them together as transcranial cognition; The new theory of cognition or mind is a new big extended theory of traditional cognitive science.

Published in International Journal of Philosophy (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14
Page(s) 66-71
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Transcranial Cognition, 4E+S Cognition, Embodied Cognition, Embedded Cognition, Enacted Cognition, Extended Cognition, Situated Cognition

References
[1] M. Rowlands. The New Science of the Mind: From Extended Mind to Embodied Phenomenology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2019.
[2] F. Varela, E. Thompson, and E. Rosch. The embodied mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
[3] A. Clark and D. Chalmers. The extended mind. Analysis, 1998, 58, 10-23.
[4] G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. Philosophy in the flesh. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
[5] A. Noë. Action in perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
[6] F. Adams and K. Aizawa. The bounds of cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.
[7] M. Aydede (Eds.). Cambridge handbook of situated cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[8] L. Shapiro. Embodied Cognition. New York: Routledge, 2010.
[9] J. Stewart, O. Gapenne, and E. Di Paolo. Enaction: Toward a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011.
[10] D. Hutto and E. Myin. Radicalizing Enactivism: Basic Minds Without Content. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
[11] D. Hutto and E. Myin. Evolving Enactivism: Basic Minds Meet Content. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.
[12] M. Johnson. Embodied mind, meaning, and reason: how our bodies give rise to understanding. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
[13] S. Gallagher. Enactivist interventions: rethinking the mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017.
[14] A. Jasanoff. The biological mind: how brain, body, and environment collaborate to make us who we are. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2018.
[15] G. Colombetti. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2013.
[16] Z. Radman (eds.). The Hand, an Organ of the Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2013.
[17] B. Huebner (eds.). Macrocognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
[18] M. Cappuccio, T. Froese (Eds.). Enactive Cognition at the Edge of Sense-Making. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
[19] J. Kiverstein, Andy Clark. Introduction: Mind Embodied, Embedded, Enacted: One Church or Many? Topoi, 2009, 28: 1–7.
[20] R. Menary. Introduction to the special issue on 4E cognition. Phenom Cogn Sci, 2010, 9: 459–463.
[21] K. M. Martiny. Book review of Lawrence Shapiro’s Embodied Cognition. Phenom Cogn Sci, 2011, 10: 297–305.
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    Li Jianhui. (2019). Transcranial Theory of Mind: A New Revolution of Cognitive Science. International Journal of Philosophy, 7(2), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14

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    Li Jianhui. Transcranial Theory of Mind: A New Revolution of Cognitive Science. Int. J. Philos. 2019, 7(2), 66-71. doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14

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    AMA Style

    Li Jianhui. Transcranial Theory of Mind: A New Revolution of Cognitive Science. Int J Philos. 2019;7(2):66-71. doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14,
      author = {Li Jianhui},
      title = {Transcranial Theory of Mind: A New Revolution of Cognitive Science},
      journal = {International Journal of Philosophy},
      volume = {7},
      number = {2},
      pages = {66-71},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20190702.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijp.20190702.14},
      abstract = {In recent years, many scientists and philosophers have begun to believe that a new theoretic revolution is occurring in cognitive science. The revolution is the rise of theoretical models of “4E+S” cognition. “4E” denotes “embodied”, “embedded”, “enacted”, and “extended”; “S” denotes “situated”. Differentiating from the traditional computational theory or representational theory of cognition, this branch of new cognitive scientists and philosophers have begun to claim that cognition is embodied, embedded, enacted, extended and situated. All of these five theories agree that cognitive processes can proceed beyond the boundary of the brain. Thus we can synthesize them together as “transcranial cognition” or “transbrain cognition”. The questions are: Are there common characteristics of these five models? Can we integrate them together with a new model of cognition? Is the “4E+S” model a real Copernicus style revolution of cognitive science? This article analyzes these questions and provides the following answers: There is a common characteristics of these cognitive theories and it is the characteristics of transcranialness, i. e. cognition or mind can exist beyond brain; We can integrate them together as transcranial cognition; The new theory of cognition or mind is a new big extended theory of traditional cognitive science.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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    AB  - In recent years, many scientists and philosophers have begun to believe that a new theoretic revolution is occurring in cognitive science. The revolution is the rise of theoretical models of “4E+S” cognition. “4E” denotes “embodied”, “embedded”, “enacted”, and “extended”; “S” denotes “situated”. Differentiating from the traditional computational theory or representational theory of cognition, this branch of new cognitive scientists and philosophers have begun to claim that cognition is embodied, embedded, enacted, extended and situated. All of these five theories agree that cognitive processes can proceed beyond the boundary of the brain. Thus we can synthesize them together as “transcranial cognition” or “transbrain cognition”. The questions are: Are there common characteristics of these five models? Can we integrate them together with a new model of cognition? Is the “4E+S” model a real Copernicus style revolution of cognitive science? This article analyzes these questions and provides the following answers: There is a common characteristics of these cognitive theories and it is the characteristics of transcranialness, i. e. cognition or mind can exist beyond brain; We can integrate them together as transcranial cognition; The new theory of cognition or mind is a new big extended theory of traditional cognitive science.
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Author Information
  • School of Philosophy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

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