Background: Smoking cigarettes is associated with many chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smokers are more likely to develop dry eye symptoms compared with nonsmokers. Purpose: To assess the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using a VapoMeter. Materials and Method: This observational, case-control and non-randomized study included one hundred and twenty male smokers that ranged in age from 18 to 43 years (mean ± SD = 25.4±5.8 years). An age (18-43 years) matching control group (120 male subjects), with a mean age of 26.1±5.2 years participated in the study. Each participant completed the ocular surface disease index dry eye questionnaire, then a VapoMeter was used to determine the tear evaporation rate. Result: Significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; p<0.05) differences were found between the average scores collected from the ocular surface disease index and the tear evaporation rate measurements within the smokers and nonsmokers groups. The average tear evaporation rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the study group [median (interquartile range; IQR) = 37.7 (59.3) g/m2h] compared with that obtained in control group [15.4 (13.1) g/m2h]. Moreover, the average score from the ocular surface disease index in smokers was significantly (p<0.05) higher [15.4 (13.1)] compared with that obtained in the control group [5.4 (5.5)]. Conclusion: Smokers have significant higher tear evaporation rates compared with nonsmokers and normal eye subjects. Clearly, VapoMeter can be used as a reliable tool to assess the eye dryness due to excessive evaporation of tears. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smoking is a risk factor for eye dryness and contributes to evaporative dry eye disease, more likely due to the disturbance in the non-polar lipid layer within the tear film. Lipid-rich eye drops could be used to manage dry eye symptoms in smoker subjects. Moreover, smoking cessation remains the single most effective prophylactic measure to avoid dry eye symptoms.
| Published in | International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 4, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12 |
| Page(s) | 37-41 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Smokers, Dry Eye, Tear Evaporation Rate, Evaporative Dry Eye, VapoMeter
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APA Style
Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti, et al. (2019). Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 4(2), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12
ACS Style
Saud Ahmed Alanazi; Ali Abusharha; Raied Fagehi; Ali Mazyed Alsaqr; Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti, et al. Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2019, 4(2), 37-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12
AMA Style
Saud Ahmed Alanazi, Ali Abusharha, Raied Fagehi, Ali Mazyed Alsaqr, Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti, et al. Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;4(2):37-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12,
author = {Saud Ahmed Alanazi and Ali Abusharha and Raied Fagehi and Ali Mazyed Alsaqr and Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti and Raed Ali Alahmari and Faisal Abdullah Alenazi and Khalid Mansour Alnassar and Ali Mohammed Masmali},
title = {Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter},
journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {37-41},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20190402.12},
abstract = {Background: Smoking cigarettes is associated with many chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smokers are more likely to develop dry eye symptoms compared with nonsmokers. Purpose: To assess the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using a VapoMeter. Materials and Method: This observational, case-control and non-randomized study included one hundred and twenty male smokers that ranged in age from 18 to 43 years (mean ± SD = 25.4±5.8 years). An age (18-43 years) matching control group (120 male subjects), with a mean age of 26.1±5.2 years participated in the study. Each participant completed the ocular surface disease index dry eye questionnaire, then a VapoMeter was used to determine the tear evaporation rate. Result: Significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; pp2h] compared with that obtained in control group [15.4 (13.1) g/m2h]. Moreover, the average score from the ocular surface disease index in smokers was significantly (p<0.05) higher [15.4 (13.1)] compared with that obtained in the control group [5.4 (5.5)]. Conclusion: Smokers have significant higher tear evaporation rates compared with nonsmokers and normal eye subjects. Clearly, VapoMeter can be used as a reliable tool to assess the eye dryness due to excessive evaporation of tears. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smoking is a risk factor for eye dryness and contributes to evaporative dry eye disease, more likely due to the disturbance in the non-polar lipid layer within the tear film. Lipid-rich eye drops could be used to manage dry eye symptoms in smoker subjects. Moreover, smoking cessation remains the single most effective prophylactic measure to avoid dry eye symptoms.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter AU - Saud Ahmed Alanazi AU - Ali Abusharha AU - Raied Fagehi AU - Ali Mazyed Alsaqr AU - Gamal Abdel-Rahman El-Hiti AU - Raed Ali Alahmari AU - Faisal Abdullah Alenazi AU - Khalid Mansour Alnassar AU - Ali Mohammed Masmali Y1 - 2019/07/16 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12 T2 - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science JF - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science JO - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science SP - 37 EP - 41 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2637-3858 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20190402.12 AB - Background: Smoking cigarettes is associated with many chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smokers are more likely to develop dry eye symptoms compared with nonsmokers. Purpose: To assess the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using a VapoMeter. Materials and Method: This observational, case-control and non-randomized study included one hundred and twenty male smokers that ranged in age from 18 to 43 years (mean ± SD = 25.4±5.8 years). An age (18-43 years) matching control group (120 male subjects), with a mean age of 26.1±5.2 years participated in the study. Each participant completed the ocular surface disease index dry eye questionnaire, then a VapoMeter was used to determine the tear evaporation rate. Result: Significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; pp2h] compared with that obtained in control group [15.4 (13.1) g/m2h]. Moreover, the average score from the ocular surface disease index in smokers was significantly (p<0.05) higher [15.4 (13.1)] compared with that obtained in the control group [5.4 (5.5)]. Conclusion: Smokers have significant higher tear evaporation rates compared with nonsmokers and normal eye subjects. Clearly, VapoMeter can be used as a reliable tool to assess the eye dryness due to excessive evaporation of tears. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smoking is a risk factor for eye dryness and contributes to evaporative dry eye disease, more likely due to the disturbance in the non-polar lipid layer within the tear film. Lipid-rich eye drops could be used to manage dry eye symptoms in smoker subjects. Moreover, smoking cessation remains the single most effective prophylactic measure to avoid dry eye symptoms. VL - 4 IS - 2 ER -
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