The present study aimed to evaluate Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb distribution and the health risks in surface waters and groundwater around artisanal mining areas in the central-western Côte d'Ivoire. Trace metals spatial distributions were assessed using ArGIS method. Waters pollution status were ascertained through water pollution indices. Human health risk was investigated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks indices. In surface waters, the same distribution trends were observed for Ni and Cd, and, for Hg and Pb. While, the distribution patterns of Zn and Cr differed from those of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Trace metals (Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg and Pb) concentrations in groundwater were within their guidelines values. While, the averages total of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb concentrations for the surface waters exceeded their guidelines values. The pollution status revealed high and low pollution levels of surface waters and groundwater, respectively. Averages of the total non-carcinogenic risk for Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb in surface waters varied between 1.529±1.162 and 80.507±104.615, indicating adverse effects to human health. The averages total carcinogenic risks for Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr indicated that the population around the artisanal gold mining area could develop cancer. Therefore, it is important to treat waters for removing trace metals before using for domestic purposes.
| Published in | International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 9, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15 |
| Page(s) | 136-151 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Trace Metals, Pollution Assessment, Risks Assessment, Surface Waters, Groundwater
| [1] | Long, X., Liu, F., Zhou, X., Pi, J., Yin, W., Li, F., Huang, S. (2021). Estimation of spatial distribution and health risk by arsenic and heavy metals in shallow groundwater around Dongting Lake plain using GIS mapping. Chemosphere 269: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128698 |
| [2] | Taiwo, A. M., Awomeso, J. A. (2017). Assessment of trace metal concentration and health risk of artisanal gold mining activities in Ijeshaland, Osun State Nigeria- Part 1. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 177: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.01.009 |
| [3] | Qiao, D., Wang, G., Li, X., Wang, S., Zhao, Y. (2020). Pollution, sources and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface AMD water, sediments and surface soils around unexploited Rona Cu deposit, Tibet, China. Chemosphere 248: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125988 |
| [4] | Wang, Y., Donga, R., Zhou, Y., Luo, X. (2019). Characteristics of groundwater discharge to river and related heavy metal transportation in a mountain mining area of Dabaoshan, Southern China. Sciences of the Total Environment 679: 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.273 |
| [5] | Cai, L. M., Xu, Z. C., Qi, J. Y., Feng, Z. Z., Xiang, T. S. (2015). Assessment of exposure to heavy metals and health risks among residents near Tonglushan mine in Hubei, China. Chemosphere 127: 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.027. |
| [6] | Fonseca, A. R., Sanches-Fernandes, L. F., Fontainhas-Fernandes, A., Monteiro, S. M., Pacheco, F. A. L. (2017). The impact of freshwater metal concentrations on the severity of histopathological changes in fish gills: a statistical perspective. Sciences of the Total Environment 599–600: 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.196 |
| [7] | Kouassi, N. G. L., Yao, K. M., Sangare, N., Trokourey, A., Metongo, B. S. (2019). The mobility of the trace metals copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, and nickel in tropical estuarine sediments, Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Soils and Sediments 19: 929-944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2062-8 |
| [8] | Soumahoro, N. S., Kouassi, N. L. B., Yao, K. M., Kwa-Koffi, E. K., Kouassi, A. M., Trokourey, A. (2021). Impact of municipal solid waste dumpsites on trace metal contamination levels in the surrounding area: a case study in West Africa, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 30425–30435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13987-3 |
| [9] | Zhu, X., Fan, Y., Sheng, J., Gu, L., Tao, Q., Huang, R., Liu, K., Yang, L., Chen, G., Cao, H., Li, K., Tao, F., Wang, S. (2021). Association Between Blood Heavy Metal Concentrations and Dyslipidemia in the Elderly. Biological Trace Element Research 199: 1280-1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02270-0 |
| [10] | Bhateria, R., Singh, R. (2019). A review on nanotechnological application of magnetic iron oxides for heavy metal removal. Journal of Water Process Engineering 31: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100845 |
| [11] | Shil, S., Singh, U.K. (2019). Health risk assessment and spatial variations of dissolved heavy metals and metalloids in a tropical river basin system. Ecological Indicator 106: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105455 |
| [12] | Myong, J. P., Kim, H. R., Jang, T. W., Lee, H. E., Koo, J. W. (2014). Association between blood cadmium levels and 10-year coronary heart disease risk in the general Korean population: the Korean National Health and nutrition examination survey 2008-2010. PLoS One 9: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111909 |
| [13] | Sifou, A., Benabbou, A., Aakame, R. B., Mahnine, N., Antonopoulo, A., Halim, M., Zinedine, A. (2021). Trace Elements in Breakfast Cereals and Exposure Assessment in Moroccan Population: Case of Lead and Cadmium. Biological Trace Element Research 199: 1268-1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02265-x |
| [14] | Mantey, J., Nyarko, K. B., Owusu-Nimo, F., Awua, K. A., Bempah, C. K., Amankwah, R. K., Akatu, W. E., Appiah-Effah, E. (2020). Mercury contamination of soil and water media from different illegal artisanal small-scale gold mining operations (galamsey). Heliyon 6: 4312-4325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04312 |
| [15] | Andreoli, V., Sprovieri, F. (2017). Genetic Aspects of Susceptibility to Mercury Toxicity: An Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010093 |
| [16] | Safdar, L. B., Almas, F., Rehman, A., Umer, M. J., Shah, S. M. A., Uddin, S., Ashfaq, S., Rahman, H. U., Umar, M. Q. (2020). Genetic dissection of Ni toxicity in a spring wheat diversity panel by using 90 K SNP array. Current Plant Biology 24: 100175-100182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100175 |
| [17] | Kunter, I., Hürer, N., Gülcan, H. O., Öztürk, B., Doğan, I., Şahin, G., (2017) Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal Levels in Mothers Breast Milk in Famagusta, Cyprus. Biological Trace Element Research 175: 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0750-z |
| [18] | Lin, W., Wu, K., Lao, Z., Hu, W., Lin, B., Li, Y., Fan, H., Hu, J. (2019). Assessment of trace metal contamination and ecological risk in the forest ecosystem of dexing mining area in northeast Jiangxi Province, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 167: 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.001 |
| [19] | Torrance, K. W., Redwood, S. D., Cecchi, A. (2021). The impact of artisanal gold mining, ore processing and mineralization on water quality in Marmato, Colombia. Environmental Geochem and Health 43: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00898-y |
| [20] | Corredor, J. A. G., Pérez, E. H., Figueroa, R., Casas, A. F. (2021). Water quality of streams associated with artisanal gold mining; Suárez, Department of Cauca, Colombia. Heliyon 7: 07047-07064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07047. |
| [21] | Santana, C. S., Olivares, D. M. M., Silva, V. H. C., Luzardo, F. H. M., Velasco, F. G., de Jesus, R. M. (2020). Assessment of water resources pollution associated with mining activity in a semi-arid region. Journal of Environmental Management 273: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111148 |
| [22] | Kim, D. M., Yun, S. T., Cho, Y., Hong, J. H., Batsaikhan, B., Oh, J. (2017). Hydrochemical assessment of environmental status of surface and ground water in mine areas in South Korea: Emphasis on geochemical behaviors of metals and sulfate in ground water. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 183: 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.09.014. |
| [23] | Sahoo, S., Khaoash, S. (2020). Impact assessment of coal mining on groundwater chemistry and its quality from Brajrajnagar coal mining area using indexing models. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 215: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106559 |
| [24] | Molina-Villalba, I., Marina, L., Rodríguez-Barranco, M., Hernández, A. F., Gonzalez-Alzaga, B., Aguilar-Garduño, C., Fernando, G. (2015). Biomonitoring of arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese and mercury in urine and hair of children living near mining and industrial areas. Chemosphere 124: 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.016. |
| [25] | Calao-Ramos, C., Bravo, A. G., Paternina-Uribe, R., Marrugo-Negrete, J., Díez, S. (2021). Occupational human exposure to mercury in artisanal small-scale gold mining communities of Colombia. Environment International 146: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106216. |
| [26] | Ngure, V., Lelo, F., Obwanga, B. (2017). Heavy Metal Pollution from Migori Gold Mining Area, Kenya: Health Implications for Consumers of Fish and Water. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 7: 46-53. |
| [27] | Basu, N., Clarke, E., Green, A., Calys-Tagoe, B., Chan, L., Dzodzomenyo, M., Fobil, J., Long, R. N., Neitzel, R. L., Obiri, S., Odei, E., Ovadje, L., Quansah, R., Rajaee, M., Wilso, M. L. (2015). Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana—Part 1: Human Health Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12: 5143-5176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505143. |
| [28] | Akpanowo, M. A., Bello, N. A., Umaru, I., Iyakwari, S., Joshua, E., Yusuf, S., Ekong, G. B. (2021). Assessment of radioactivity and heavy metals in water sources from Artisanal mining areas of Anka, Northwest Nigeria. Scientific African 12: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00761. |
| [29] | Samson, I. O., Muruf, A. K., Priscilla, O., Joseph, A. (2013). Mercury contamination in artisanal gold mining area of Manyera river, niger state Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Research and Management 4: 326-333. |
| [30] | Gyamfi, E., Appiah-Adjeia, E. K., Adjei, K. A. (2019). Potential heavy metal pollution of soil and water resources from artisanal mining in Kokoteasua, Ghana. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 8: 450-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.01.007 |
| [31] | Kortei, N. K., Heymann, M. E., Essuman, E. K., Kpodo, F. M., Akonor, P. T., Lokpo, S. Y., Boadi, N. O., Ayim-Akonor, M., Tettey, C. (2020). Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety. Toxicology Reports 7: 360-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.011 |
| [32] | Bempah, C. K., Voigt, H. J., Ewusi, A. (2016). Impact of mining on groundwater quality in SW Ashanti, Ghana: a preliminary study. Journal of mining and environnemental 7: 81-95. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2016.496 |
| [33] | Niane, B., Guédron, S., Feder, F., Legros, S., Ngom, P. M., Moritz, R. (2019). Impact of recent artisanal small-scale gold mining in Senegal: Mercury and methylmercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Sciences of the Total Environment 669: 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.108 |
| [34] | Ouédraogo, O., Amyot, M., (2013). Mercury, arsenic and selenium concentrations in water and fish from sub-Saharan semi-arid freshwater reservoirs (Burkina Faso). Sciences of the Total Environment 444: 243-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.095 |
| [35] | Kone, K., Kouakou, A. R., Konan, E. K., Adouby, K., (2019). Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Surface Water and Groundwater Around Tongon Mine (Côte d’Ivoire). International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 7: 103-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20190705.12 |
| [36] | Ouattara, A. A., Yao, K. M., Soro, M. P., Diaco, T., Trokourey, A. (2018). Arsenic and Trace Metals in Three West African rivers: Concentrations Partitioning, and Distribution in Particle-Size Fractions. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75: 449-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0543-9 |
| [37] | Soro, M. P., Yao, K. M., Kouassi, N. L. B., Ouattara, A. A., Diaco, T. (2020). Modeling the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Chlorophyll-a in Three Tropical Rivers Comoé, Bandama, and Bia Rivers (Côte d’Ivoire) by Artificial Neural Network. Wetlands 40: 939-956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01284-7 |
| [38] | Girard, G., Sircoulon, J., Touchebeuf, P. (1970). Aperçu sur les régimes hydrologiques de Côte d’Ivoire. ORSTOM Editions, Côte d’Ivoire. |
| [39] | Fabio, P., Njifonjou, O., Assienan, J., Kodjo, A., Ndia, Y., Salvati, N., Seghieri, C. (2002). Profil de pauvreté des communautés riveraines du lac de Kossou en Côte d’Ivoire. Cotonou, Programme pour des Moyens d’Existence Durables dans la Pêche en Afrique de l’Ouest, 90p. PMEDP/RT/17. |
| [40] | APHA. (2002). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. APHA, Washington, DC, USA |
| [41] | Prathap, A., Chakraborty, S. Hydro chemical characterization and suitability analysis of groundwater for domestic and irrigation uses in open cast coal mining areas of Charhi and Kuju, Jharkhand, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 9: 100244-100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100244 |
| [42] | Gupta, A., Singh, R., Singh, P., Dobhal, R. (2017). Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun, Using Water Quality Indices. Analytical Chemistry Letters 7: 509-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2017.1372209 |
| [43] | Ali, R., Hassani, H., Hayati, M., Jabbari, N., Barzegar, R. (2018). Risk assessment and ranking of heavy metals concentration in Iran’s Rayen groundwater basin using linear assignment method. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 32: 1317-1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-017-1477-x |
| [44] | World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edn. Recommendations, WHO, Geneva |
| [45] | US Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories, Washington, DC, USA |
| [46] | Karaouzas, I., Kapetanaki, N., Mentzafou, A., Kanellopoulos, T. D., Skoulikidis, N. (2021). Heavy metal contamination status in Greek surface waters: A review with application and evaluation of pollution indices. Chemosphere 263: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128192 |
| [47] | Hossain, M., Patra, P. K. (2020). Contamination zoning and health risk assessment of trace elements in groundwater through geostatistical modelling. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 189: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110038 |
| [48] | Dippong, T., Mihali, C., Hoaghia, M. A., Cical, E., Cosma, A. (2019). Chemical modeling of groundwater quality in the aquifer of Seini town – Some Plain, Northwestern Romania. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 168: 88-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.030 |
| [49] | Şener, S., Şener, E., Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI)method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Sciences of the Total Environment 584–585: 131–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102 |
| [50] | Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L., Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of The Total Environment 650. 2004-2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.322 |
| [51] | Zhang, Y., Chu, C., Li, T., Xu, S., Liu, L., Ju, M. (2017). A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in 3 marine reserves. Sciences of the Total Environment 599-600: 721-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.232 |
| [52] | US Environmental Protection Agency. (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual. Part E (supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment), EPA/540/R/99/005. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, DC, USA |
| [53] | US Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Regional screening level (RSL) summary Table. http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_ Tables/docs/master_sl_table_run_NOV2013.pdf. Accessed November 2013. |
| [54] | World Bank. (2019). The World Bank Group: Average Life Expectancy in Côte d’Ivoire: 2009- 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=CI. Accessed 12 Jully 2021 |
| [55] | OEHHA. (2019). California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors 2009, Appendix A: Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Potency Values. Updated May 2019. |
| [56] | Pecina, V., Brtnický, M., Baltazár, T., Juřička, D., Kynický, J., Galiová, M. V. (2021). Human health and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in urban soils of 101 cities in China: A meta-analysis. Chemosphere 267: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129215 |
| [57] | Kaur, M., Kumar, A., Mehra, R., Kaur, I. (2019). Quantitative assessment of exposure of heavy metals in groundwater and soil on human health in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir. Environmental Geochem and Health 42: 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00294-7 |
| [58] | Kinimo, K. C., Yao, K. M., Marcotte, S., Kouassi, N. B. L., Trokourey, A. (2018). Distribution trends and ecological risks of arsenic and trace metals in wetland sediments around gold mining activities in central-southern and southeastern Côte d'Ivoire. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 190: 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.03.013 |
| [59] | Varol, S., Davraz, A. (2015). Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: a case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/ Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences 73: 1725–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3531-z. |
| [60] | Sunitha, V., Sudharshan, R. Y. (2019). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in and around Lakkireddipalli and Ramapuram, Y. S. R District, Andhra Pradesh. India. HydroResearch. 2: 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2019.11.008. |
| [61] | Sharmin, S., Mia, J., Miah, M. S., Zakir, H. M. (2020). Hydrogeochemistry and heavy metalcontamination in groundwaters of Dhaka metropolitan city, Bangladesh: Assessment of human health impact. HydroResearch 3: 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2020.10.003. |
| [62] | Lü, J., Jiao, W. B., Qiu, H. Y., Chen, B., Huang, X. X., Kang, B. (2018). Origin and spatial distribution of heavy metals and carcinogenic risk assessment in mining areas at You'xi County southeast China. Geoderma 310: 99-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.016. |
| [63] | Luo, X. S., Xue, Y., Wang, Y. L., Cang, L., Xu, B., Ding, J. (2015). Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles. Chemosphere 127: 152–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.048. |
| [64] | Xia, F., Qu, L., Wang, T., Luo, L., Chen, H., Randy, A., Dahlgren, R. A., Zhang, M., Mei, K., Huang, H. (2018). Distribution and source analysis of heavy metal pollutants in sediments of a rapid developing urban river system. Chemosphere 207: 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.090. |
| [65] | Singh, U.K., Ramanathan, A. L., Subramanian, V. (2018). Groundwater chemistry and human health risk assessment in the mining region of East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India. Chemosphere 204: 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.060. |
| [66] | Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. J., Seo, Y. R. (2015). An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention. Journal of Cancer Prevention 20: 232 – 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2015.20.4.232. |
APA Style
Zoumana Traore, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, Alain Stephane Assemian, Konan Edmond Kouassi, Patrick Drogui, et al. (2021). Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Waters and Groundwater Around Artisanal Gold Mining Areas in Central-western Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 9(5), 136-151. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15
ACS Style
Zoumana Traore; N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi; Alain Stephane Assemian; Konan Edmond Kouassi; Patrick Drogui, et al. Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Waters and Groundwater Around Artisanal Gold Mining Areas in Central-western Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2021, 9(5), 136-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15
AMA Style
Zoumana Traore, N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi, Alain Stephane Assemian, Konan Edmond Kouassi, Patrick Drogui, et al. Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Waters and Groundwater Around Artisanal Gold Mining Areas in Central-western Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2021;9(5):136-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15,
author = {Zoumana Traore and N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi and Alain Stephane Assemian and Konan Edmond Kouassi and Patrick Drogui and Kouassi Benjamin Yao},
title = {Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Waters and Groundwater Around Artisanal Gold Mining Areas in Central-western Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {136-151},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20210905.15},
abstract = {The present study aimed to evaluate Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb distribution and the health risks in surface waters and groundwater around artisanal mining areas in the central-western Côte d'Ivoire. Trace metals spatial distributions were assessed using ArGIS method. Waters pollution status were ascertained through water pollution indices. Human health risk was investigated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks indices. In surface waters, the same distribution trends were observed for Ni and Cd, and, for Hg and Pb. While, the distribution patterns of Zn and Cr differed from those of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Trace metals (Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg and Pb) concentrations in groundwater were within their guidelines values. While, the averages total of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb concentrations for the surface waters exceeded their guidelines values. The pollution status revealed high and low pollution levels of surface waters and groundwater, respectively. Averages of the total non-carcinogenic risk for Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb in surface waters varied between 1.529±1.162 and 80.507±104.615, indicating adverse effects to human health. The averages total carcinogenic risks for Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr indicated that the population around the artisanal gold mining area could develop cancer. Therefore, it is important to treat waters for removing trace metals before using for domestic purposes.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Surface Waters and Groundwater Around Artisanal Gold Mining Areas in Central-western Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa AU - Zoumana Traore AU - N’guessan Louis Berenger Kouassi AU - Alain Stephane Assemian AU - Konan Edmond Kouassi AU - Patrick Drogui AU - Kouassi Benjamin Yao Y1 - 2021/10/15 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15 T2 - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis JF - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis JO - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis SP - 136 EP - 151 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7667 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.15 AB - The present study aimed to evaluate Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb distribution and the health risks in surface waters and groundwater around artisanal mining areas in the central-western Côte d'Ivoire. Trace metals spatial distributions were assessed using ArGIS method. Waters pollution status were ascertained through water pollution indices. Human health risk was investigated using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks indices. In surface waters, the same distribution trends were observed for Ni and Cd, and, for Hg and Pb. While, the distribution patterns of Zn and Cr differed from those of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Trace metals (Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg and Pb) concentrations in groundwater were within their guidelines values. While, the averages total of Ni, Cd, Hg, and Pb concentrations for the surface waters exceeded their guidelines values. The pollution status revealed high and low pollution levels of surface waters and groundwater, respectively. Averages of the total non-carcinogenic risk for Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb in surface waters varied between 1.529±1.162 and 80.507±104.615, indicating adverse effects to human health. The averages total carcinogenic risks for Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr indicated that the population around the artisanal gold mining area could develop cancer. Therefore, it is important to treat waters for removing trace metals before using for domestic purposes. VL - 9 IS - 5 ER -
Information
Email: