Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria

Masok Felix Bitrus; Ike-Ogbonna; Margaret Igeoma; Dawam; Robert Rangmou; Jwanbot; Daniel Ibrahim; Yenle; Nandi Michael

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria

Masok Felix Bitrus, Ike-Ogbonna, Margaret Igeoma, Dawam, Robert Rangmou, Jwanbot, Daniel Ibrahim, Yenle, Nandi Michael

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 3, Issue 5)

Received: 16 September 2015 Accepted: 29 September 2015 Published: 20 October 2015

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Abstract

The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg^-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg^-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh^-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh^-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg^-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg^-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy^-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy^-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy^-1, 370Bgkg^-1 and 0.07mSvy^-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
Page(s)	260-264
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Specific Activities, Excess Lifetime Cancer, Tin Ore and Sediments, Annual Effective Dose

References

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[9]	Udo, R. K (1970): Geological regions of Nigeria. Published by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
[10]	Masok, F. B., Masiteng, P. L., & Jwanbot, I. D (2015). Natural radioactivity concentrationand effective dose rate from tin mining dumpsites in Rayfield, Nigeria. Journal of environment and earth science 5(12), 51-55.
[11]	Odumo, O. B., Mustapha, A. O., Patel, J. P & Angeyo H. K (2011): Radiological survey and assessment of associated activity concentration of the naturally occurring radioactive materials in Migori artisanal gold mining belt of Southern Nyanza, Kenya. Applied Radiation and isotopes (69) 912-916.
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[13]	International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP-90, 1991): Recommendations of the International Commission on radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP, 21, 1-3.
[14]	United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 1982). Ionizing radiation; Sources and biological effects. Report of General Assembly, with Annexes, United Nation, New York.
[15]	Yu, K. N., & Gau, Z. J., Stoks, M. J., & Young, E. C. (1992): Assessment of natural radiation dose committed to the Hong Kong people. Journal of Radioactivity, 17, 931
[16]	United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR, 1993). Radiation Exposure from natural sources of radiation. New York; United Nation.
[17]	Taskin, H., Karavus, M., Ay, P., Topuzoglu, A., Hindiroglu, S., & Karahan, G. (2009): Radilonuclides concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to the gamma radilactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, (100) 49-53.

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Masok Felix Bitrus, Ike-Ogbonna, Margaret Igeoma, Dawam, Robert Rangmou, et al. (2015). Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(5), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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ACS Style

Masok Felix Bitrus; Ike-Ogbonna; Margaret Igeoma; Dawam; Robert Rangmou, et al. Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2015, 3(5), 260-264. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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AMA Style

Masok Felix Bitrus, Ike-Ogbonna, Margaret Igeoma, Dawam, Robert Rangmou, et al. Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2015;3(5):260-264. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13,
  author = {Masok Felix Bitrus and Ike-Ogbonna and Margaret Igeoma and Dawam and Robert Rangmou and Jwanbot and Daniel Ibrahim and Yenle and Nandi Michael},
  title = {Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {260-264},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20150305.13},
  abstract = {The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy-1, 370Bgkg-1 and 0.07mSvy-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria
AU  - Masok Felix Bitrus
AU  - Ike-Ogbonna
AU  - Margaret Igeoma
AU  - Dawam
AU  - Robert Rangmou
AU  - Jwanbot
AU  - Daniel Ibrahim
AU  - Yenle
AU  - Nandi Michael
Y1  - 2015/10/20
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 260
EP  - 264
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
AB  - The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy-1, 370Bgkg-1 and 0.07mSvy-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Masok Felix Bitrus

Department of Applied Physics and Engineering Mathematic, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Ike-Ogbonna

Department of Remedial Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Margaret Igeoma

Department of Remedial Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Dawam

Department of Remedial Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Robert Rangmou

Department of Remedial Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Jwanbot

Department of Physics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Daniel Ibrahim

Department of Physics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Yenle

Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Technology, Zawan, Nigeria
Nandi Michael

Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Technology, Zawan, Nigeria

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APA Style

Masok Felix Bitrus, Ike-Ogbonna, Margaret Igeoma, Dawam, Robert Rangmou, et al. (2015). Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(5), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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ACS Style

Masok Felix Bitrus; Ike-Ogbonna; Margaret Igeoma; Dawam; Robert Rangmou, et al. Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2015, 3(5), 260-264. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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AMA Style

Masok Felix Bitrus, Ike-Ogbonna, Margaret Igeoma, Dawam, Robert Rangmou, et al. Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2015;3(5):260-264. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13,
  author = {Masok Felix Bitrus and Ike-Ogbonna and Margaret Igeoma and Dawam and Robert Rangmou and Jwanbot and Daniel Ibrahim and Yenle and Nandi Michael},
  title = {Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {260-264},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20150305.13},
  abstract = {The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy-1, 370Bgkg-1 and 0.07mSvy-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cancer Risk due to Radionuclides Concentration in Tin Ores and Sediments at Barkin-Ladi, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria
AU  - Masok Felix Bitrus
AU  - Ike-Ogbonna
AU  - Margaret Igeoma
AU  - Dawam
AU  - Robert Rangmou
AU  - Jwanbot
AU  - Daniel Ibrahim
AU  - Yenle
AU  - Nandi Michael
Y1  - 2015/10/20
PY  - 2015
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 260
EP  - 264
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150305.13
AB  - The specific activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in soil samples of abandoned tin ore and sediment from tin mining areas in Barkin-ladi were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using Sodium Iodide [NaI(Tl)] detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The aim was to assess the associated lifetime cancer risk owing to inhalation of the short life Radon gas from the tin ore and sediments by the inhabitants of this area after 70 years of exposure. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the collected ore samples were 275.44 ± 46.14, 239.95 ± 30.82 and 778.78 ± 29.30 Bqkg-1 respectively while those of the sediment samples were 1608.25 ± 55.60, 759.62 ± 47.95 and 4861.82 ±48.78 Bqkg-1 respectively. However, the mean absorbed dose rate in ores (629.86 nGyh-1) and in sediments (3612.05 nGyh-1), the mean radium equivalent in ores (1374Bqkg-1) and in sediments (7835.88 Bqkg-1) and the mean annual effective dose rate in ores (0.77mSvy-1) and in sediments (4.43mSvy-1) were all found to be higher than the recommended global average values of 59nGy-1, 370Bgkg-1 and 0.07mSvy-1 correspondingly. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) value obtained in this study for the ores samples ranges from 0.0026 to 0.0473 with an average of 0.0107 while the ELCR value in sediments samples was found to range from 0.3205 to 0.0036 with an average of 0.0620. Although the study reveals an average excess lifetime cancer risk value to be more in the sediment samples compare to ore samples, the excess lifetime cancer value within all the sample locations were above the world average value of 0.00029. Therefore, the present study reveals a lifetime cancer risk to the general public within this study area thus precaution need to be taken by ensuring inhabitants live in well ventilated houses since no level of radioactivity is harmless.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

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