Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Arash Ebrahimi; Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi; Mohsen Ramazani

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Arash Ebrahimi, Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi, Mohsen Ramazani

Published in International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine (Volume 11, Issue 2)

Received: 30 June 2023 Accepted: 24 July 2023 Published: 5 August 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: For many years, injection of chemical solutions of anesthesia are well-known conventional method in dental practice. To date, various complications have known to be caused by this injection as well as the high extent of anxiety and fear that have shown to be related with this procedure. By the most recently, introduction of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the field of laser dentistry, many efforts have been made to evaluate the state of PBMT- anesthesia on different laser parameters. Objectives: This double blinded randomized clinical trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of PBMT with 660nm diode laser on elevation of post-treatment electric pulp testing (EPT) scores representing as an anesthesia, in contralateral healthy premolars. Methods and Materials: 19 participants have included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. Each participant had two caries-free healthy contralateral maxillary first premolars, of which one was chosen randomly to be treated with sham (placebo) irradiation or laser treatment (Diode laser, 660nm, 200 mW, 12 J/cm², 30s). The EPT scores were evaluated two minutes before the laser/placebo treatment and right after the treatment. Results: 14 out of 19 (73.68%) sites which received laser treatment, showed more than 20% increase in EPT value, while in the placebo group 11 out of 19 (57.89%) sites that were treated with sham irradiation showed less than 20% change in EPT values after treatment. Therefore, there was a significant difference in EPT responses between the laser and placebo treatment groups (fisher’s exact=0.106, p-value=0.047). Besides, the regression coefficients of post and pre-treatment EPT scores of laser and placebo treatment groups were 0.4 (p-value=0.008) and 0.98 (p-value=0.008), respectively. No gender differences were found regarding the EPT responses. Conclusion: The diode laser, 660nm PBMT with the given protocol can effectively induce a pulpal anesthesia, while further studies should elucidate the precise mechanism of its action and the capacity for its clinical applicability in dental practice.

Published in	International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine (Volume 11, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
Page(s)	76-81
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Photobiomodulation Therapy, Electric Pulp Testing, Anesthesia

References

[1]	Weaver JM. The History of the Specialty of Dental Anesthesiology. Anesth Prog. 2019; 66 (2): 61-8.
[2]	Akifuddin S, Khatoon F. Reduction of Complications of Local Anaesthesia in Dental Healthcare Setups by Application of the Six Sigma Methodology: A Statistical Quality Improvement Technique. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9 (12): Zc34-8.
[3]	VIKA M, SKARET E, RAADAL M, ÖST L-G, KVALE G. Fear of blood, injury, and injections, and its relationship to dental anxiety and probability of avoiding dental treatment among 18-year-olds in Norway. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008; 18 (3): 163-9.
[4]	Armfield J. The extent and nature of dental fear and phobia in Australia. Australian Dental Journal. 2010; 55 (4): 368-77.
[5]	Chow RT, Armati PJ. Photobiomodulation: Implications for Anesthesia and Pain Relief. Photomed Laser Surg. 2016; 34 (12): 599-609.
[6]	Vahdatinia F, Gholami L, Karkehabadi H, Fekrazad R. Photobiomodulation in Endodontic, Restorative, and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Review of the Literature. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019; 37 (12): 869-86.
[7]	Machado AC, Viana Í EL, Farias-Neto AM, Braga MM, de Paula Eduardo C, de Freitas PM, et al. Is photobiomodulation (PBM) effective for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity? A systematic review. Lasers Med Sci. 2018; 33 (4): 745-53.
[8]	Bekes K. 2 - Clinical presentation and physiological mechanisms of dentine hypersensitivity. In: Robinson PG, editor. Dentine Hypersensitivity. Boston: Academic Press; 2015. p. 21-32.
[9]	Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Gatto R, Monaco A. Effectiveness of laser in dentinal hypersensitivity treatment: a systematic review. J Endod. 2011; 37 (3): 297-303.
[10]	García-Delaney C, Abad-Sánchez D, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Gay-Escoda C. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the photobiomodulation in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after basic therapy. A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017; 9 (5): e694-e702.
[11]	Ebrahimi A, Marques M, Miniello T, Gutknecht N. Photobiomodulation therapy with 810-nm laser as an alternative to injection for anesthesia in dentistry. Lasers in Dental Science. 2021; 5.
[12]	Liang R, George R, Walsh LJ. Pulpal response following photo-biomodulation with a 904-nm diode laser: a double-blind clinical study. Lasers Med Sci. 2016; 31 (9): 1811-7.
[13]	Lee SH, Lee NY. An alternative local anaesthesia technique to reduce pain in paediatric patients during needle insertion. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013; 14 (2): 109-12.
[14]	Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Int J Surg. 2012; 10 (1): 28-55.
[15]	Chan A, Armati P, Moorthy AP. Pulsed Nd: YAG laser induces pulpal analgesia: a randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2012; 91 (7 Suppl): 79s-84s.
[16]	Sriman N, Prabhakar V, Bhuvaneswaran JS, Subha N. Interference of apex locator, pulp tester and diathermy on pacemaker function. J Conserv Dent. 2015; 18 (1): 15-9.
[17]	Vemisetty H, Vanapatla A, Ravichandra PV, Reddy SJ, Punna R, Chandragiri S. Evaluation of threshold response and appropriate electrode placement site for electric pulp testing in fluorosed anterior teeth: An in vivo study. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2016; 13 (3): 245-9.
[18]	Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K, Kocherova I, Bryja A, et al. Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. J Clin Med. 2020; 9 (6).
[19]	Hamblin MR, Demidova TN. MECHANISMS OF LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY. Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy. 2006; 6140 (26): 614001-.
[20]	Caruso-Davis MK, Guillot TS, Podichetty VK, Mashtalir N, Dhurandhar NV, Dubuisson O, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy for body contouring and spot fat reduction. Obes Surg. 2011; 21 (6): 722-9.
[21]	Hamblin MR. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke. J Neurosci Res. 2018; 96 (4): 731-43.
[22]	Zamani ARN, Saberianpour S, Geranmayeh MH, Bani F, Haghighi L, Rahbarghazi R. Modulatory effect of photobiomodulation on stem cell epigenetic memory: a highlight on differentiation capacity. Lasers Med Sci. 2020; 35 (2): 299-306.
[23]	Dos Santos SA, Serra AJ, Stancker TG, Simões MCB, Dos Santos Vieira MA, Leal-Junior EC, et al. Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Oxidative Stress in Muscle Injury Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017: 5273403.
[24]	Photobiomodulation in Temporomandibular Disorders. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2019; 37 (12): 826-36.
[25]	Naeser MA, Zafonte R, Krengel MH, Martin PI, Frazier J, Hamblin MR, et al. Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study. J Neurotrauma. 2014; 31 (11): 1008-17.
[26]	Doğanay Yıldız E, Arslan H. Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy on Postoperative Pain in Molars with Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2018; 44 (11): 1610-5.
[27]	He WL, Li CJ, Liu ZP, Sun JF, Hu ZA, Yin X, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of orthodontic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci. 2013; 28 (6): 1581-9.
[28]	Metin R, Tatli U, Evlice B. Effects of low-level laser therapy on soft and hard tissue healing after endodontic surgery. Lasers Med Sci. 2018; 33 (8): 1699-706.
[29]	Photobiomodulation: Implications for Anesthesia and Pain Relief. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2016; 34 (12): 599-609.
[30]	Photobiomodulation in Endodontic, Restorative, and Prosthetic Dentistry: A Review of the Literature. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. 2019; 37 (12): 869-86.
[31]	Efthymiou A, Marques MM, Franzen R, Moreira MS, Gutknecht N. Acceptance and efficiency of anesthesia by photobiomodulation therapy during conventional cavity preparation in permanent teeth: a pilot randomized crossover clinical study. Lasers in Dental Science. 2017 Dec; 1: 65-71.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Arash Ebrahimi, Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi, Mohsen Ramazani. (2023). Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine, 11(2), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Arash Ebrahimi; Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi; Mohsen Ramazani. Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int. J. Anesth. Clin. Med. 2023, 11(2), 76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Arash Ebrahimi, Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi, Mohsen Ramazani. Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Anesth Clin Med. 2023;11(2):76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15,
  author = {Arash Ebrahimi and Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi and Mohsen Ramazani},
  title = {Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial},
  journal = {International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {76-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  abstract = {Background: For many years, injection of chemical solutions of anesthesia are well-known conventional method in dental practice. To date, various complications have known to be caused by this injection as well as the high extent of anxiety and fear that have shown to be related with this procedure. By the most recently, introduction of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the field of laser dentistry, many efforts have been made to evaluate the state of PBMT- anesthesia on different laser parameters. Objectives: This double blinded randomized clinical trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of PBMT with 660nm diode laser on elevation of post-treatment electric pulp testing (EPT) scores representing as an anesthesia, in contralateral healthy premolars. Methods and Materials: 19 participants have included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. Each participant had two caries-free healthy contralateral maxillary first premolars, of which one was chosen randomly to be treated with sham (placebo) irradiation or laser treatment (Diode laser, 660nm, 200 mW, 12 J/cm2, 30s). The EPT scores were evaluated two minutes before the laser/placebo treatment and right after the treatment. Results: 14 out of 19 (73.68%) sites which received laser treatment, showed more than 20% increase in EPT value, while in the placebo group 11 out of 19 (57.89%) sites that were treated with sham irradiation showed less than 20% change in EPT values after treatment. Therefore, there was a significant difference in EPT responses between the laser and placebo treatment groups (fisher’s exact=0.106, p-value=0.047). Besides, the regression coefficients of post and pre-treatment EPT scores of laser and placebo treatment groups were 0.4 (p-value=0.008) and 0.98 (p-value=0.008), respectively. No gender differences were found regarding the EPT responses. Conclusion: The diode laser, 660nm PBMT with the given protocol can effectively induce a pulpal anesthesia, while further studies should elucidate the precise mechanism of its action and the capacity for its clinical applicability in dental practice.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
AU  - Arash Ebrahimi
AU  - Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi
AU  - Mohsen Ramazani
Y1  - 2023/08/05
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
T2  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
JF  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
JO  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
SP  - 76
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2997-2698
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
AB  - Background: For many years, injection of chemical solutions of anesthesia are well-known conventional method in dental practice. To date, various complications have known to be caused by this injection as well as the high extent of anxiety and fear that have shown to be related with this procedure. By the most recently, introduction of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the field of laser dentistry, many efforts have been made to evaluate the state of PBMT- anesthesia on different laser parameters. Objectives: This double blinded randomized clinical trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of PBMT with 660nm diode laser on elevation of post-treatment electric pulp testing (EPT) scores representing as an anesthesia, in contralateral healthy premolars. Methods and Materials: 19 participants have included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. Each participant had two caries-free healthy contralateral maxillary first premolars, of which one was chosen randomly to be treated with sham (placebo) irradiation or laser treatment (Diode laser, 660nm, 200 mW, 12 J/cm2, 30s). The EPT scores were evaluated two minutes before the laser/placebo treatment and right after the treatment. Results: 14 out of 19 (73.68%) sites which received laser treatment, showed more than 20% increase in EPT value, while in the placebo group 11 out of 19 (57.89%) sites that were treated with sham irradiation showed less than 20% change in EPT values after treatment. Therefore, there was a significant difference in EPT responses between the laser and placebo treatment groups (fisher’s exact=0.106, p-value=0.047). Besides, the regression coefficients of post and pre-treatment EPT scores of laser and placebo treatment groups were 0.4 (p-value=0.008) and 0.98 (p-value=0.008), respectively. No gender differences were found regarding the EPT responses. Conclusion: The diode laser, 660nm PBMT with the given protocol can effectively induce a pulpal anesthesia, while further studies should elucidate the precise mechanism of its action and the capacity for its clinical applicability in dental practice.
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Arash Ebrahimi

Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi

Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Mohsen Ramazani

Education Development Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Arash Ebrahimi, Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi, Mohsen Ramazani. (2023). Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine, 11(2), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Arash Ebrahimi; Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi; Mohsen Ramazani. Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int. J. Anesth. Clin. Med. 2023, 11(2), 76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Arash Ebrahimi, Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi, Mohsen Ramazani. Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Anesth Clin Med. 2023;11(2):76-81. doi: 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15,
  author = {Arash Ebrahimi and Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi and Mohsen Ramazani},
  title = {Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial},
  journal = {International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {76-81},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijacm.20231102.15},
  abstract = {Background: For many years, injection of chemical solutions of anesthesia are well-known conventional method in dental practice. To date, various complications have known to be caused by this injection as well as the high extent of anxiety and fear that have shown to be related with this procedure. By the most recently, introduction of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the field of laser dentistry, many efforts have been made to evaluate the state of PBMT- anesthesia on different laser parameters. Objectives: This double blinded randomized clinical trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of PBMT with 660nm diode laser on elevation of post-treatment electric pulp testing (EPT) scores representing as an anesthesia, in contralateral healthy premolars. Methods and Materials: 19 participants have included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. Each participant had two caries-free healthy contralateral maxillary first premolars, of which one was chosen randomly to be treated with sham (placebo) irradiation or laser treatment (Diode laser, 660nm, 200 mW, 12 J/cm2, 30s). The EPT scores were evaluated two minutes before the laser/placebo treatment and right after the treatment. Results: 14 out of 19 (73.68%) sites which received laser treatment, showed more than 20% increase in EPT value, while in the placebo group 11 out of 19 (57.89%) sites that were treated with sham irradiation showed less than 20% change in EPT values after treatment. Therefore, there was a significant difference in EPT responses between the laser and placebo treatment groups (fisher’s exact=0.106, p-value=0.047). Besides, the regression coefficients of post and pre-treatment EPT scores of laser and placebo treatment groups were 0.4 (p-value=0.008) and 0.98 (p-value=0.008), respectively. No gender differences were found regarding the EPT responses. Conclusion: The diode laser, 660nm PBMT with the given protocol can effectively induce a pulpal anesthesia, while further studies should elucidate the precise mechanism of its action and the capacity for its clinical applicability in dental practice.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electric Pulp Testing Evaluation of Dental Anesthesia After 660-nm Laser-Photoiomodulation Therapy: Results of a Double-Blind Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
AU  - Arash Ebrahimi
AU  - Iman Sokouti Emamzade Hashemi
AU  - Mohsen Ramazani
Y1  - 2023/08/05
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
T2  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
JF  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
JO  - International Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Medicine
SP  - 76
EP  - 81
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2997-2698
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijacm.20231102.15
AB  - Background: For many years, injection of chemical solutions of anesthesia are well-known conventional method in dental practice. To date, various complications have known to be caused by this injection as well as the high extent of anxiety and fear that have shown to be related with this procedure. By the most recently, introduction of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the field of laser dentistry, many efforts have been made to evaluate the state of PBMT- anesthesia on different laser parameters. Objectives: This double blinded randomized clinical trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of PBMT with 660nm diode laser on elevation of post-treatment electric pulp testing (EPT) scores representing as an anesthesia, in contralateral healthy premolars. Methods and Materials: 19 participants have included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. Each participant had two caries-free healthy contralateral maxillary first premolars, of which one was chosen randomly to be treated with sham (placebo) irradiation or laser treatment (Diode laser, 660nm, 200 mW, 12 J/cm2, 30s). The EPT scores were evaluated two minutes before the laser/placebo treatment and right after the treatment. Results: 14 out of 19 (73.68%) sites which received laser treatment, showed more than 20% increase in EPT value, while in the placebo group 11 out of 19 (57.89%) sites that were treated with sham irradiation showed less than 20% change in EPT values after treatment. Therefore, there was a significant difference in EPT responses between the laser and placebo treatment groups (fisher’s exact=0.106, p-value=0.047). Besides, the regression coefficients of post and pre-treatment EPT scores of laser and placebo treatment groups were 0.4 (p-value=0.008) and 0.98 (p-value=0.008), respectively. No gender differences were found regarding the EPT responses. Conclusion: The diode laser, 660nm PBMT with the given protocol can effectively induce a pulpal anesthesia, while further studies should elucidate the precise mechanism of its action and the capacity for its clinical applicability in dental practice.
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download