This study was carried out in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of visual inspection after acetic acid staining (VIA) using Papanicolaou smear as the gold standard screening method for cervical premalignant lesion. Two hundred and twenty (220) consecutive and consenting women ages 20 – 70years, attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, were recruited. Relevant data were collected using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. In conclusion, the prevalence of pre-malignant lesion of cervical cancer is high in this study. It is therefore recommended that awareness of cervical cancer and its screening should be improved through health education campaigns. VIA can serve as an alternative to Papanicolaou smear in resource-limited countries, since it has high level of specificity and sensitivity as Papanicolaou smear.
| Published in | Cancer Research Journal (Volume 4, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-8 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Cervical Cancer, VIA, Pap Smear, Screening, Developing Countries
| [1] | Namagembe I. Cancer of the cervix and its prevention, still a public health concern. Available from www.cwru.edu/med/epidio/mphp439cervical_cancer.htm. (accessed September 5, 2015). |
| [2] | Harris TG, Burk Rd, Palefsky JM, Massad LS, Bang JY, Anastos K, et al. Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with HIV sero-status, CD4 cell counts, and Human Papilloma Virus test results. JAMA. 2005; 293(12):1471–1476. |
| [3] | Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJLM, Shah KV. Causal relation between Human Papilloma Virus and cervical cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002; 55(4): 244-265. |
| [4] | Amy E P, Miranda B, Lindsay E, Felicity C, Nathalie B. Ensuring access to HPVvaccine through integrated services; a reproductive health perspective. Bull. WHO.2007; 85(1): 57-63. |
| [5] | Rengaswamy S, Atul MB, Rajamanickam R. Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low income developing countries. Bull. WHO.2001; 79:10. |
| [6] | Peter OA. Knowledge and practice of cervical cancer screening among female professional health workers in a sub-urban district of Nigeria. Nigerian MedicalPractitioner.2006; 50(1): 19–22. |
| [7] | Abdus-Salam AA, Ogunnorin OB, Abdus-Salam RA. HIV Seroprevalence in Patients with Carcinoma of the Cervix in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ghana Med J.2008; 42(4): 141–143. |
| [8] | Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer JClin.2005; 55:74–108. |
| [9] | Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Hamdi-Cherif M, Sitas F, Thomas JO, Wabinga H et al. Cancer in Africa: Epidemiology and Prevention. IARC Scientific Publications.2003; 153: 268–276. |
| [10] | Domfeh AB, Wiredu EK, Adjei AA, Ayeh-Kumi PFK, Adiku TK,Tettey Y etal. Cervical Human Papilloma Virus infection in Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2008;42(2): 71-78 |
| [11] | Thomas JO, Herrero R, Omigbodun AA, Ojemakinde K, Ajayi IO, Fawole A et al Prevalence of Papilloma Virus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study. Br J Cancer.2004; 90(3): 638–645. |
| [12] | Rasha D, Jyoti V, Martha J, Ilana D, Nisha L, Jan B, et al. A strategic assessment of cervical cancer prevention and treatment services in 3 districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Reprod Health. 2005; 2: 11. |
| [13] | Anorlu RI. Cervical cancer; sub-saharan Africa perspective. Reprod. Health Matters. 2008; 16(32): 41-9. |
| [14] | Nemekhee O, Young MC, Mee RK, Ji EY, Sun HJ. Association between smoking, screening, and death by cervical cancer in Korean women. Yonsei Med J. 2007; 48(2):192-2000. |
| [15] | Ijaiya MA, Aboyeji PA, Buhari MO. Cancer of cervix in Ilorin, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine. 2004; 23(4): 319–322. |
| [16] | Mandong BM, Madaki AKJ, Mannaseh AN. Malignant diseases in Jos: A follow up. Annals of African Medicine. 2004; 2(2):49–53. |
| [17] | Gichangi P, Estambale B, Biuayo J, Rogo K, Ojwang S, Opiyo A et al. Knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 2003; 13 (6):827-833. |
| [18] | Robert ER (author) The Family Physician, in: Robert ER’ editor Text book of Family Practice, 6th ed. WB Saunder 2001; 13-17. |
| [19] | Thomas LC, James HB, The family, s influence on health, in: Robert ER, editor. Textbook of Family Practice 6th ed. WB Saunder 2001; 34–41. |
| [20] | Katz A. Cervical cancer screening- role of Family Physician. Hong Kong practitioner1999; 21(1): 18-22. |
| [21] | John MAM Prevention in general practice; periodic health examination. In: John MAM (Editor) General Practice 3rd McGraw-Hill companies; 2003: 66-76. |
| [22] | Preventing Cervical Cancer in low resources setting. PATH’S Outlook 2000; 18 (No1): 1-6. [Updated2003 July 09]. Available from http//www.roproline.jhu.edu/3cc/3outlook (accessed 25th September2008). |
| [23] | Saleh HS, Can visual inspection with acetic acid be used as an alternative to Pap smear in screening cervical cancer? Middle East Fertility Society Journal, September 2014; 19 (3): 187–191. |
| [24] | John MAM. Research and evidence-based medicine In: John MAM (Editor), General Practice 3rd McGraw-Hill companies; 2003:131-140. |
| [25] | Steve S. Definition category; measuring agreement. Available fromwww.children.mercy.org/stats/definition/kappa.htm. modified on 14th july, 2008 (accessed on 29th April 2015). |
| [26] | Araoye OA. Data collection, In: Research Methodology with statistics for health and social sciences. Araoye OA (Editor). Ilorin; Nathadex publishers 2004; 130-159. |
| [27] | Albert SO, Oguntayo OA, Smaila MOA, comparative study of visual inspection of the cervix using acetic acid (VIA) and papanicolaou (Pap) smear for cervical cancer screening. ecancermedicalscience. 2012; 6: 263. |
| [28] | Momna K, Nigar J, Usman A, Visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid: a good alternative to Pap smear for cervical cancer screening in resource-limited setting, JPMA 2015; 65:192. |
| [29] | Akinola OI, Fabamwo AO, Oshodi YA, Banjo AA, Odusanya O, Gbadegesin A et al. Efficacy of visual inspection of cervix using acetic acid in cervical cancer screening; a comparison with cervical cytology. J obstet. Gynaecol.2007; 27(7):703-705. |
| [30] | Huchko MJ, Sneden J, Zakaras JM, smith-McCune K, Sawaya J, Maloba M et al. a Randomized Trial comparing the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid to visual inspection with Lugol Iodine for cervical cancer screening in HIV infected woman. PloS 2015; 10(4): doi10.1371pone0118568. |
| [31] | Gaffikin L, Lauterbach M, Blumenthal PD. Performance of Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening: a qualitative summary of evidence to date. Obste Gynecol Surv. 2003; 58(8):543-550. |
| [32] | Peter FS, Natalia VM, Danielle H, Srinivas RM, David MO. The prevalence of cervical HPV and cytological Abnormalities in association with reproductive factors of Rural and Nigerian women. Journal of Women's Health. 2008; 17(2): 279-285. |
| [33] | Abdul MA, Shittu SO, Randawa JA, Shehu MS. The cervical smear pattern withchronic inflammatory disease. Niger J ClinPract, 2009; 12(3): 289-293. |
| [34] | Sadan O, Schejter E, Ginath S, Bachar R, Boaz M, Menczer J, et al. Premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix in a large cohort of Israeli Jewish women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2004; 269:188–191. |
| [35] | Tbistle PJ, Chirenje ZM. Cervical cancer screening in a rural population of Zimbabwe. CentAfr J Med.1997; 43:246–251. |
APA Style
Gabriel Olusegun Emmanuel, Ajetunmobi Oluwaserimi Adewumi, Akomolafe Akinwumi Oluwole, Bushari Olusegun Adesola, Adeniyi Adebayo Augustine, et al. (2016). Reliability of Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Staining in Screening for Cervical Pre-malignant Lesion Among Female Subjects in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. Cancer Research Journal, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11
ACS Style
Gabriel Olusegun Emmanuel; Ajetunmobi Oluwaserimi Adewumi; Akomolafe Akinwumi Oluwole; Bushari Olusegun Adesola; Adeniyi Adebayo Augustine, et al. Reliability of Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Staining in Screening for Cervical Pre-malignant Lesion Among Female Subjects in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. Cancer Res. J. 2016, 4(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11
AMA Style
Gabriel Olusegun Emmanuel, Ajetunmobi Oluwaserimi Adewumi, Akomolafe Akinwumi Oluwole, Bushari Olusegun Adesola, Adeniyi Adebayo Augustine, et al. Reliability of Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Staining in Screening for Cervical Pre-malignant Lesion Among Female Subjects in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. Cancer Res J. 2016;4(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11,
author = {Gabriel Olusegun Emmanuel and Ajetunmobi Oluwaserimi Adewumi and Akomolafe Akinwumi Oluwole and Bushari Olusegun Adesola and Adeniyi Adebayo Augustine and Dada Samuel Ayokunle},
title = {Reliability of Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Staining in Screening for Cervical Pre-malignant Lesion Among Female Subjects in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria},
journal = {Cancer Research Journal},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.crj.20160401.11},
abstract = {This study was carried out in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of visual inspection after acetic acid staining (VIA) using Papanicolaou smear as the gold standard screening method for cervical premalignant lesion. Two hundred and twenty (220) consecutive and consenting women ages 20 – 70years, attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, were recruited. Relevant data were collected using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. In conclusion, the prevalence of pre-malignant lesion of cervical cancer is high in this study. It is therefore recommended that awareness of cervical cancer and its screening should be improved through health education campaigns. VIA can serve as an alternative to Papanicolaou smear in resource-limited countries, since it has high level of specificity and sensitivity as Papanicolaou smear.},
year = {2016}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Reliability of Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Staining in Screening for Cervical Pre-malignant Lesion Among Female Subjects in a Rural Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria AU - Gabriel Olusegun Emmanuel AU - Ajetunmobi Oluwaserimi Adewumi AU - Akomolafe Akinwumi Oluwole AU - Bushari Olusegun Adesola AU - Adeniyi Adebayo Augustine AU - Dada Samuel Ayokunle Y1 - 2016/01/11 PY - 2016 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11 DO - 10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11 T2 - Cancer Research Journal JF - Cancer Research Journal JO - Cancer Research Journal SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8214 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.crj.20160401.11 AB - This study was carried out in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of visual inspection after acetic acid staining (VIA) using Papanicolaou smear as the gold standard screening method for cervical premalignant lesion. Two hundred and twenty (220) consecutive and consenting women ages 20 – 70years, attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, were recruited. Relevant data were collected using interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaires. In conclusion, the prevalence of pre-malignant lesion of cervical cancer is high in this study. It is therefore recommended that awareness of cervical cancer and its screening should be improved through health education campaigns. VIA can serve as an alternative to Papanicolaou smear in resource-limited countries, since it has high level of specificity and sensitivity as Papanicolaou smear. VL - 4 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: