Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study

Soulemane Pessinaba; Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou; Dassidi Houssouna; Mohamed Kpélafia; Wiyaou Kaziga; Ekpé Togbossi; Komlavi Yayehd; Machihude Pio; Soodougoua Baragou; Findibé Damorou

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study

Soulemane Pessinaba^*

, Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou

, Dassidi Houssouna, Mohamed Kpélafia, Wiyaou Kaziga

, Ekpé Togbossi, Komlavi Yayehd

, Machihude Pio

, Soodougoua Baragou, Findibé Damorou

Published in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 13 July 2025 Accepted: 24 July 2025 Published: 11 August 2025

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Abstract

Background: Hypertension is responsible for myocardial structural changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal left ventricular function via 2D strain in hypertensive patients in Lome. Methods: A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to August 31, 2024. Patients with hypertension for a period exceeding one year and with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 50% as determined by the Simpson biplane method were included in the study. The longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle was evaluated by means of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Results: The study population comprised 215 patients. The mean age of the subjects was 46.4 ± 12.3 years. GLS ranged from -28.75 to -5.14 (mean -17.37 ± -3.97). Low GLS values (>-17) were identified in 41.4% of patients. The factors associated with low GLS were as follows: hypertension that had lasted for more than 10 years (odds ratio (OR) = 14.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.55-50.00; p < 0.001), uncontrolled hypertension (OR= CI, p), dyslipidaemia (OR = 12.15, CI 5.32-27.77; p < 0.001), diabetes (OR = 2.65, CI 1.12-6.27; p = 0.026), obesity (OR = 2.53, CI 1.11-5.77; p = 0.027), concentric remodelling of the left ventricle (OR = 4.93, CI 1.82-13.35; p = 0.002), and concentric LVH (OR = 3.89, CI 1.55-9.80; p = 0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of longitudinal systolic dysfunction is high. The factors associated with HTN leading to this decrease include dyslipidaemia, diabetes, duration of HTN, remodelling and LV hypertrophy. This study serve to emphasise the importance of early detection and management of hypertension and its associated risk factors.

Published in	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12
Page(s)	95-105
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hypertension, Longitudinal Dysfunction, 2D Strain, Togo

References

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Pessinaba, S., Afassinou, Y. M., Houssouna, D., Kpélafia, M., Kaziga, W., et al. (2025). Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 9(3), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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ACS Style

Pessinaba, S.; Afassinou, Y. M.; Houssouna, D.; Kpélafia, M.; Kaziga, W., et al. Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2025, 9(3), 95-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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AMA Style

Pessinaba S, Afassinou YM, Houssouna D, Kpélafia M, Kaziga W, et al. Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2025;9(3):95-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12,
  author = {Soulemane Pessinaba and Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou and Dassidi Houssouna and Mohamed Kpélafia and Wiyaou Kaziga and Ekpé Togbossi and Komlavi Yayehd and Machihude Pio and Soodougoua Baragou and Findibé Damorou},
  title = {Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study
},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {95-105},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20250903.12},
  abstract = {Background: Hypertension is responsible for myocardial structural changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal left ventricular function via 2D strain in hypertensive patients in Lome. Methods: A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to August 31, 2024. Patients with hypertension for a period exceeding one year and with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 50% as determined by the Simpson biplane method were included in the study. The longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle was evaluated by means of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Results: The study population comprised 215 patients. The mean age of the subjects was 46.4 ± 12.3 years. GLS ranged from -28.75 to -5.14 (mean -17.37 ± -3.97). Low GLS values (>-17) were identified in 41.4% of patients. The factors associated with low GLS were as follows: hypertension that had lasted for more than 10 years (odds ratio (OR) = 14.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.55-50.00; p Conclusion: The prevalence of longitudinal systolic dysfunction is high. The factors associated with HTN leading to this decrease include dyslipidaemia, diabetes, duration of HTN, remodelling and LV hypertrophy. This study serve to emphasise the importance of early detection and management of hypertension and its associated risk factors.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study

AU - Soulemane Pessinaba
AU - Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou
AU - Dassidi Houssouna
AU - Mohamed Kpélafia
AU - Wiyaou Kaziga
AU - Ekpé Togbossi
AU - Komlavi Yayehd
AU - Machihude Pio
AU - Soodougoua Baragou
AU - Findibé Damorou
Y1 - 2025/08/11
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12
T2 - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP - 95
EP - 105
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2578-8914
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12
AB - Background: Hypertension is responsible for myocardial structural changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal left ventricular function via 2D strain in hypertensive patients in Lome. Methods: A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to August 31, 2024. Patients with hypertension for a period exceeding one year and with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 50% as determined by the Simpson biplane method were included in the study. The longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle was evaluated by means of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Results: The study population comprised 215 patients. The mean age of the subjects was 46.4 ± 12.3 years. GLS ranged from -28.75 to -5.14 (mean -17.37 ± -3.97). Low GLS values (>-17) were identified in 41.4% of patients. The factors associated with low GLS were as follows: hypertension that had lasted for more than 10 years (odds ratio (OR) = 14.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.55-50.00; p Conclusion: The prevalence of longitudinal systolic dysfunction is high. The factors associated with HTN leading to this decrease include dyslipidaemia, diabetes, duration of HTN, remodelling and LV hypertrophy. This study serve to emphasise the importance of early detection and management of hypertension and its associated risk factors.
VL - 9
IS - 3
ER -

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Author Information

Soulemane Pessinaba

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo. Cardiology Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

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http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-1249
Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou

Cardiology Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo. Cardiology Department, Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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http://orcid.org/0009-0009-0567-143X
Dassidi Houssouna

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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Mohamed Kpélafia

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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Wiyaou Kaziga

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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http://orcid.org/0009-0005-1696-2807
Ekpé Togbossi

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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Komlavi Yayehd

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo. Cardiology Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

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http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-9211
Machihude Pio

Cardiology Department, Kara Teaching Hospital, Kara, Togo. Cardiology Department, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-3922
Soodougoua Baragou

Cardiology Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo. Cardiology Department, Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

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Findibé Damorou

Cardiology Department, Campus Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo. Cardiology Department, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

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Pessinaba, S., Afassinou, Y. M., Houssouna, D., Kpélafia, M., Kaziga, W., et al. (2025). Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 9(3), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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ACS Style

Pessinaba, S.; Afassinou, Y. M.; Houssouna, D.; Kpélafia, M.; Kaziga, W., et al. Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2025, 9(3), 95-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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AMA Style

Pessinaba S, Afassinou YM, Houssouna D, Kpélafia M, Kaziga W, et al. Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2025;9(3):95-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12,
  author = {Soulemane Pessinaba and Yaovi Mignazonzon Afassinou and Dassidi Houssouna and Mohamed Kpélafia and Wiyaou Kaziga and Ekpé Togbossi and Komlavi Yayehd and Machihude Pio and Soodougoua Baragou and Findibé Damorou},
  title = {Patterns and Predictors of Abnormal Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Among Black Africans with Hypertension at the Campus University Hospital of Lome: A Cross-sectional Study
},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {95-105},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20250903.12},
  abstract = {Background: Hypertension is responsible for myocardial structural changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal left ventricular function via 2D strain in hypertensive patients in Lome. Methods: A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to August 31, 2024. Patients with hypertension for a period exceeding one year and with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 50% as determined by the Simpson biplane method were included in the study. The longitudinal systolic function of the left ventricle was evaluated by means of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Results: The study population comprised 215 patients. The mean age of the subjects was 46.4 ± 12.3 years. GLS ranged from -28.75 to -5.14 (mean -17.37 ± -3.97). Low GLS values (>-17) were identified in 41.4% of patients. The factors associated with low GLS were as follows: hypertension that had lasted for more than 10 years (odds ratio (OR) = 14.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.55-50.00; p Conclusion: The prevalence of longitudinal systolic dysfunction is high. The factors associated with HTN leading to this decrease include dyslipidaemia, diabetes, duration of HTN, remodelling and LV hypertrophy. This study serve to emphasise the importance of early detection and management of hypertension and its associated risk factors.},
 year = {2025}
}

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