Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Elkanah Deborah Sambo; Agbo Oche Joseph; Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Agbo Oche Joseph, Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

Published in Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 30 July 2020 Accepted: 25 August 2020 Published: 23 August 2021

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Abstract

Malaria infection is one of the most common disease of public health importance afflicting millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria diagnosis and surveillance rely predominantly on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study investigated the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against microscopy of stained blood for Plasmodium falciparum of patients attending some Primary Health Centres in Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State. Five hundred and eighty five (585) blood samples were collected and examined for Plasmodium falciparum on the microscope. Rapid Diagnostic Tests were also used for examination. The overall result showed a prevalence of 446 (76.23%). The infection found female, 199 (82.23%) to be more exposed to malaria than male, 247 (72.01%) with no significant difference (χ²=4.381; P≥0.05). With regards to age, females aged ≥51 years were more infected than other age groups, while male aged 21-30 years were more infected with malaria than the other age groups. There was no significant difference with malaria infection between the age groups (χ²=2.207; P≥0.05). The performance of RDTs against microscopy showed that RDT used had a sensitivity of 66.91% and specificity of 58.52%. The positive predictive value of 33.45% and negative predictive value of 85.02% were found for the RDT used. The present study demonstrated that RDTs can act as diagnostic tool to manage malaria in resource poor settings with limited, access to expert microscopy as they are easy to use and perform better than microscopy. It is recommended that malaria Rapid Diagnosis Tests can be used in endemic areas in Nigeria.

Published in	Central African Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21
Page(s)	222-226
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rapid, Diagnostic, Test, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive

References

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[3]	Mordecai EA, Caldwell JM, Grossman MK, Lippi CA, Johnson LR, Neira M, et al. Thermal biology of mosquito-borne disease. Ecol Lett. 2019; 22: 1690–708.
[4]	WHO. Policy recommendation: Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in highly seasonal transmission areas of the Sahel sub-region in Africa. Geneva, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization; 2012. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/smc_policy_recommendation_en_032012.pdf?ua=.
[5]	Ikeda T, Behera SK, Morioka Y, Minakawa N, Hashizume M, Tsuzuki A, et al. Seasonally lagged efects of climatic factors on malaria incidence in South Africa. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 2458.
[6]	Gonçalves BP, Kapulu MC, Sawa P, et al. Examining the human infectious reservoir for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas of differing transmission intensity. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 1133.
[7]	Lin Ouédraogo A, Gonçalves BP, Gnémé A, et al. Dynamics of the human infectious reservoir for malaria determined by mosquito feeding assays and ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis in Burkina Faso. J Infect Dis 2015; 213: 90–99.
[8]	Roll Back Malaria. The global malaria action plan for a malaria free world, Geneva. http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap.
[9]	Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. New York-Cambridge Press. 2012. Part1, 2^nd Edition 249-258.
[10]	Cheng Q, Gatton ML, Barnwell J, et al. Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3: a review and recommendations for accurate reporting. Malar J 2014; 13: 283.
[11]	Cohen JM, Woolsey AM, Sabot OJ, et al. Public health. optimizing investments in malaria treatment and diagnosis. Science 2012; 338: 612–4.
[12]	Watson OJ, Sumner KM, Janko M, Varun G, Winskill P, Slater HC, Ghani A, Meshnick SR, Parr JB, False-negative malaria rapid diagnostic test results and their impact on community-based malaria surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Global Health, 2019; 4: e001582.
[13]	Berzosa, P., de Lucio, A., Romay-Barja, M. et al. Comparison of three diagnostic methods (microscopy, RDT, and PCR) for the detection of malaria parasites in representative samples from Equatorial Guinea. Malar J 2018; 17: 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2481-4.
[14]	Plucinski M, Dimbu R, Candrinho B, et al. Malaria surveys using rapid diagnostic tests and validation of results using post hoc quantification of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2. Malar J 2017; 16: 1–7.
[15]	Makuuchi R, Jere S, Hasejima N, et al. The correlation between malaria RDT (Paracheck pf.®) faint test bands and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17.

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APA Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. (2021). Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Central African Journal of Public Health, 7(4), 222-226. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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ACS Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Elkanah Deborah Sambo; Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2021, 7(4), 222-226. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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AMA Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2021;7(4):222-226. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21,
  author = {Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor and Elkanah Obadiah Sambo and Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe and Elkanah Deborah Sambo and Agbo Oche Joseph and Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu},
  title = {Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {222-226},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20210704.21},
  abstract = {Malaria infection is one of the most common disease of public health importance afflicting millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria diagnosis and surveillance rely predominantly on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study investigated the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against microscopy of stained blood for Plasmodium falciparum of patients attending some Primary Health Centres in Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State. Five hundred and eighty five (585) blood samples were collected and examined for Plasmodium falciparum on the microscope. Rapid Diagnostic Tests were also used for examination. The overall result showed a prevalence of 446 (76.23%). The infection found female, 199 (82.23%) to be more exposed to malaria than male, 247 (72.01%) with no significant difference (χ2=4.381; P≥0.05). With regards to age, females aged ≥51 years were more infected than other age groups, while male aged 21-30 years were more infected with malaria than the other age groups. There was no significant difference with malaria infection between the age groups (χ2=2.207; P≥0.05). The performance of RDTs against microscopy showed that RDT used had a sensitivity of 66.91% and specificity of 58.52%. The positive predictive value of 33.45% and negative predictive value of 85.02% were found for the RDT used. The present study demonstrated that RDTs can act as diagnostic tool to manage malaria in resource poor settings with limited, access to expert microscopy as they are easy to use and perform better than microscopy. It is recommended that malaria Rapid Diagnosis Tests can be used in endemic areas in Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State
AU - Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor
AU - Elkanah Obadiah Sambo
AU - Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe
AU - Elkanah Deborah Sambo
AU - Agbo Oche Joseph
AU - Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu
Y1 - 2021/08/23
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21
DO - 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21
T2 - Central African Journal of Public Health
JF - Central African Journal of Public Health
JO - Central African Journal of Public Health
SP - 222
EP - 226
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-5781
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21
AB - Malaria infection is one of the most common disease of public health importance afflicting millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria diagnosis and surveillance rely predominantly on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study investigated the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against microscopy of stained blood for Plasmodium falciparum of patients attending some Primary Health Centres in Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State. Five hundred and eighty five (585) blood samples were collected and examined for Plasmodium falciparum on the microscope. Rapid Diagnostic Tests were also used for examination. The overall result showed a prevalence of 446 (76.23%). The infection found female, 199 (82.23%) to be more exposed to malaria than male, 247 (72.01%) with no significant difference (χ2=4.381; P≥0.05). With regards to age, females aged ≥51 years were more infected than other age groups, while male aged 21-30 years were more infected with malaria than the other age groups. There was no significant difference with malaria infection between the age groups (χ2=2.207; P≥0.05). The performance of RDTs against microscopy showed that RDT used had a sensitivity of 66.91% and specificity of 58.52%. The positive predictive value of 33.45% and negative predictive value of 85.02% were found for the RDT used. The present study demonstrated that RDTs can act as diagnostic tool to manage malaria in resource poor settings with limited, access to expert microscopy as they are easy to use and perform better than microscopy. It is recommended that malaria Rapid Diagnosis Tests can be used in endemic areas in Nigeria.
VL - 7
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor

Department of Laboratory Services, Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Nigeria
Elkanah Obadiah Sambo

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe

Department of Laboratory Services, Taraba State Specialist Hospital, Jalingo, Nigeria
Elkanah Deborah Sambo

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
Agbo Oche Joseph

Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Technology, Otuogidi-Ogbia, Nigeria

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APA Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. (2021). Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Central African Journal of Public Health, 7(4), 222-226. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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ACS Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor; Elkanah Obadiah Sambo; Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe; Elkanah Deborah Sambo; Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Cent. Afr. J. Public Health 2021, 7(4), 222-226. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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AMA Style

Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor, Elkanah Obadiah Sambo, Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe, Elkanah Deborah Sambo, Agbo Oche Joseph, et al. Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Cent Afr J Public Health. 2021;7(4):222-226. doi: 10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21

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@article{10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21,
  author = {Obiorah Sylvester Chibuozor and Elkanah Obadiah Sambo and Onyeuku Okechukwu Chinwe and Elkanah Deborah Sambo and Agbo Oche Joseph and Ayibatonye Lemmy Orutugu},
  title = {Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State},
  journal = {Central African Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {222-226},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cajph.20210704.21},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cajph.20210704.21},
  abstract = {Malaria infection is one of the most common disease of public health importance afflicting millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria diagnosis and surveillance rely predominantly on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study investigated the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against microscopy of stained blood for Plasmodium falciparum of patients attending some Primary Health Centres in Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State. Five hundred and eighty five (585) blood samples were collected and examined for Plasmodium falciparum on the microscope. Rapid Diagnostic Tests were also used for examination. The overall result showed a prevalence of 446 (76.23%). The infection found female, 199 (82.23%) to be more exposed to malaria than male, 247 (72.01%) with no significant difference (χ2=4.381; P≥0.05). With regards to age, females aged ≥51 years were more infected than other age groups, while male aged 21-30 years were more infected with malaria than the other age groups. There was no significant difference with malaria infection between the age groups (χ2=2.207; P≥0.05). The performance of RDTs against microscopy showed that RDT used had a sensitivity of 66.91% and specificity of 58.52%. The positive predictive value of 33.45% and negative predictive value of 85.02% were found for the RDT used. The present study demonstrated that RDTs can act as diagnostic tool to manage malaria in resource poor settings with limited, access to expert microscopy as they are easy to use and perform better than microscopy. It is recommended that malaria Rapid Diagnosis Tests can be used in endemic areas in Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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