Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report

Xiuxian Liu; Xilong Liu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report

Xiuxian Liu

, Xilong Liu^*

Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 13, Issue 4)

Received: 24 October 2025 Accepted: 14 November 2025 Published: 4 December 2025

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Abstract

Background: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has raised significant public health concerns, with preventive strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. As a physiotherapy student with cross-cultural educational experience in both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western exercise physiology, I developed a particular research interest in exploring the relationship between exercise duration and diabetes indicators. This interest was further motivated by personal family health concerns, as my father has been identified as a potential diabetic patient with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels fluctuating between 6.8-7.3 mmol/L. Objective: This study aimed to statistically determine whether students who engage in longer sports activities demonstrate significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to those with shorter exercise durations. Methods: Employing an independent-samples t-test design, this research analyzed fasting blood glucose levels between two distinct groups: students exercising more than 5 hours per day (n=6) and those exercising less than 3 hours daily (n=8). The analysis was conducted with a significance level of α=0.05, using a one-tailed test based on theoretical expectations that longer exercise duration would correlate with improved glucose metabolism. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (t(12)=5.63, p<0.05), with a large effect size (Cohen's d=3.04). Students in the high-exercise group showed substantially lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to their low-exercise counterparts. Conclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence supporting the beneficial role of regular prolonged exercise in maintaining healthy glucose metabolism. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetes prevention and management, while also establishing a foundation for future doctoral research in exercise physiology and metabolic disorders.

Published in	American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 13, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
Page(s)	95-99
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Exercise Duration, Fasting Blood Glucose, Independent Samples t-test, Exercise Physiology, Preventive Medicine, Glucose Metabolism

References

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[11]	Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(11), 790-797. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010492
[12]	Knowler, W. C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S. E., Hamman, R. F., Lachin, J. M., Walker, E. A.,... & Diabetes Preven-tion Program Research Group. (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or met-formin. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(6), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
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APA Style

Liu, X., Liu, X. (2025). Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. American Journal of Sports Science, 13(4), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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ACS Style

Liu, X.; Liu, X. Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2025, 13(4), 95-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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AMA Style

Liu X, Liu X. Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. Am J Sports Sci. 2025;13(4):95-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12,
  author = {Xiuxian Liu and Xilong Liu},
  title = {Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report
},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {95-99},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20251304.12},
  abstract = {Background: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has raised significant public health concerns, with preventive strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. As a physiotherapy student with cross-cultural educational experience in both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western exercise physiology, I developed a particular research interest in exploring the relationship between exercise duration and diabetes indicators. This interest was further motivated by personal family health concerns, as my father has been identified as a potential diabetic patient with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels fluctuating between 6.8-7.3 mmol/L. Objective: This study aimed to statistically determine whether students who engage in longer sports activities demonstrate significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to those with shorter exercise durations. Methods: Employing an independent-samples t-test design, this research analyzed fasting blood glucose levels between two distinct groups: students exercising more than 5 hours per day (n=6) and those exercising less than 3 hours daily (n=8). The analysis was conducted with a significance level of α=0.05, using a one-tailed test based on theoretical expectations that longer exercise duration would correlate with improved glucose metabolism. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (t(12)=5.63, pConclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence supporting the beneficial role of regular prolonged exercise in maintaining healthy glucose metabolism. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetes prevention and management, while also establishing a foundation for future doctoral research in exercise physiology and metabolic disorders.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report

AU  - Xiuxian Liu
AU  - Xilong Liu
Y1  - 2025/12/04
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 95
EP  - 99
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
AB  - Background: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has raised significant public health concerns, with preventive strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. As a physiotherapy student with cross-cultural educational experience in both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western exercise physiology, I developed a particular research interest in exploring the relationship between exercise duration and diabetes indicators. This interest was further motivated by personal family health concerns, as my father has been identified as a potential diabetic patient with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels fluctuating between 6.8-7.3 mmol/L. Objective: This study aimed to statistically determine whether students who engage in longer sports activities demonstrate significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to those with shorter exercise durations. Methods: Employing an independent-samples t-test design, this research analyzed fasting blood glucose levels between two distinct groups: students exercising more than 5 hours per day (n=6) and those exercising less than 3 hours daily (n=8). The analysis was conducted with a significance level of α=0.05, using a one-tailed test based on theoretical expectations that longer exercise duration would correlate with improved glucose metabolism. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (t(12)=5.63, pConclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence supporting the beneficial role of regular prolonged exercise in maintaining healthy glucose metabolism. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetes prevention and management, while also establishing a foundation for future doctoral research in exercise physiology and metabolic disorders.

VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Xiuxian Liu

Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, America

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-9724-3304
Xilong Liu

School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Technical Institute of Electronics and Information, Shanghai, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-9875-8129

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APA Style

Liu, X., Liu, X. (2025). Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. American Journal of Sports Science, 13(4), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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ACS Style

Liu, X.; Liu, X. Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2025, 13(4), 95-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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AMA Style

Liu X, Liu X. Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report. Am J Sports Sci. 2025;13(4):95-99. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12,
  author = {Xiuxian Liu and Xilong Liu},
  title = {Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report
},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {95-99},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20251304.12},
  abstract = {Background: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has raised significant public health concerns, with preventive strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. As a physiotherapy student with cross-cultural educational experience in both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western exercise physiology, I developed a particular research interest in exploring the relationship between exercise duration and diabetes indicators. This interest was further motivated by personal family health concerns, as my father has been identified as a potential diabetic patient with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels fluctuating between 6.8-7.3 mmol/L. Objective: This study aimed to statistically determine whether students who engage in longer sports activities demonstrate significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to those with shorter exercise durations. Methods: Employing an independent-samples t-test design, this research analyzed fasting blood glucose levels between two distinct groups: students exercising more than 5 hours per day (n=6) and those exercising less than 3 hours daily (n=8). The analysis was conducted with a significance level of α=0.05, using a one-tailed test based on theoretical expectations that longer exercise duration would correlate with improved glucose metabolism. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (t(12)=5.63, pConclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence supporting the beneficial role of regular prolonged exercise in maintaining healthy glucose metabolism. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetes prevention and management, while also establishing a foundation for future doctoral research in exercise physiology and metabolic disorders.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Differences Between Students With Long and Short Sport Hours: An Independent-samples t-Test Report

AU  - Xiuxian Liu
AU  - Xilong Liu
Y1  - 2025/12/04
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 95
EP  - 99
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20251304.12
AB  - Background: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has raised significant public health concerns, with preventive strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. As a physiotherapy student with cross-cultural educational experience in both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western exercise physiology, I developed a particular research interest in exploring the relationship between exercise duration and diabetes indicators. This interest was further motivated by personal family health concerns, as my father has been identified as a potential diabetic patient with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels fluctuating between 6.8-7.3 mmol/L. Objective: This study aimed to statistically determine whether students who engage in longer sports activities demonstrate significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to those with shorter exercise durations. Methods: Employing an independent-samples t-test design, this research analyzed fasting blood glucose levels between two distinct groups: students exercising more than 5 hours per day (n=6) and those exercising less than 3 hours daily (n=8). The analysis was conducted with a significance level of α=0.05, using a one-tailed test based on theoretical expectations that longer exercise duration would correlate with improved glucose metabolism. Results: The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (t(12)=5.63, pConclusion: The findings provide compelling evidence supporting the beneficial role of regular prolonged exercise in maintaining healthy glucose metabolism. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetes prevention and management, while also establishing a foundation for future doctoral research in exercise physiology and metabolic disorders.

VL  - 13
IS  - 4
ER  -

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