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Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria

Received: 11 February 2022     Accepted: 1 March 2022     Published: 24 May 2022
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Abstract

Female Genital schistosomiasis [FGS] is a neglected and disabling disease that results when eggs from the waterborne parasite Schistosoma haematobium are trapped in the human reproductive tract. There is no specific action plan to address FGS due to epidemiological and clinical surveillance gaps. There is also insufficient data on FGS especially in northern Nigeria. This study sought to provide data on FGS in selected communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC area councils of FCT. The study recruited 154 women of reproductive age between [14-50 years]. Urine samples were collected from all 154 participants and subjected to a dipstick test to determine presence of haematuria, 44 [28.9%] tested positive for dipstick and was subjected to microscopy to examine the presence of Schistosoma ova. A total of 13 [8.6%] had egg-patent urogenital schistosomiasis. To verify presence of FGS directly, 6 adult women each underwent a gynaecological investigation with observed lesions as classified by the WHO FGS pocket atlas. All 6 [3.9%] presented with FGS symptoms as follows: abnormal blood vessels 31.3%, rubberey papules 25.0%, yellow grainy sandy patch 12.5% and contact bleeding at 6.3%. This study confirms FGS in FCT and calls for further investigation of this disease where urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic. There should be a specific action plan on FGS to help detect it, thereby providing data and also develop appropriate response to prevent it.

Published in American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13
Page(s) 44-49
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Female, Genital, Schistosomiasis, Clinical, Manifestation, Reproductive Age, Communities

References
[1] Anyanti J, Akuiyibo S, Onuoha O, Nwokolo E, Atagame K, et al. (2021): Addressing Schistosomiasis in a Community in Nigeria: A Theoretical Approach. Int J Trop Dis 4: 044. doi.org/10.23937/2643-461X/1710044.
[2] Steinmann, P., Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. and Utzinger, J. (2006). Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, 411–425. CrossRef Google ScholarPubMed.
[3] Colley, D. G., Bustinduy, A. L., Secor, E. and King, C. H. (2014). Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383, 2253–2264. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed WHO (2016). Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2015. Weekly Epidemiological Record 91, 585–600. Google.
[4] WHO (2016). Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2015. Weekly Epidemiological Record 91, 585–600. Google ScholarPubMed.
[5] Kjetland E. F, Hegertun IE, Baay MF, Onsrud M, Ndhlovu PD, Taylor M (2014) Genital schistosomiasis and its unacknowledged role on HIV transmission in the STD intervention studies. Int J STD AIDS. 2014 Sep; 25 (10): 705–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462414523743 PMID: 2462145.
[6] WHO [2015]. Female Genital Schistosomiasis: A Pocket Atlas for Clinical Health Professionals, p. 49. WHO, Geneva. ISBN: 9789241509299. Google Scholar.
[7] Ekpo UF, Laja-Deile A, Oluwole AS, Sam-Wobo SO, Mafiana CF (2010): Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Parasite Vectors 3: 58.
[8] Ifeanyi CIC, Matur BM, Ikeneche NF (2009): Urinary schistosomiasis and Concomitant bacteriuria in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja Nigeria. NewYork Science Journal 2: 1-8.
[9] Lar, P. M, Emojevwe, M. and Onah, J. A [2006]. Incidence of mixed infections of Schistosoma and Salmonella in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. African Journal of Natural Sciences. 2006 ISSN 1119 -1104 Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd Sage Publications; Thousand Oaks, CA: 2002.
[10] Robinson Emily, Diana Picon, Hugh J Sturrock, Anthony Sabasio, MounirLado, Jan Kolaczinski and Simon Brooker [2009]. The performance of haematuria reagent strips for the rapid mapping of urinary schistosomiasis: field experience from Southern Sudan. Trop Med Int Health. 2009 December; 14 (12): 1484–1487.
[11] Ekpo, U. F., Odeyemi, O. M., Sam-wobo, S. O., Onunkwor, O. B., Mogaji, H. O., Oluwole, A. S., Abdussalam, H. O., Stothard, J. R. [2017] Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in Ogun State, Nigeria: a pilot survey on genital symptoms and clinical findings. Parasitology Open (2017), Vol. 3, e10; page 1 of 9. © Cambridge University Press 2017. 10.1017 https://www.cambridge.org/cor/pao.2017.11e
[12] Dawaki, S., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ithoi, I., Ibrahim, J., Abdulsalam, A. M., Ahmed, A., Sady, H., Nasr, N. A. and Atroosh, W. M. (2015). The menace of schistosomiasis in Nigeria: knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding schistosomiasis among rural communities in Kano State. PLoS ONE 10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143667.
[13] Christinet, V., Lazdins-Helds, J. K., Stothard, J. R. and ReinhardRupp, J. (2016). Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): from case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease. International Journal for Parasitology 46, 395–404.
[14] Holmen, S. D., Onsrud, M., Vennervald, B. J., Albregtsen, F., Taylor, M., Moodley, J., van Lieshout, L., Pillay, P., Lillebo, K., Kleppa, E. and Kjetland, E. F. (2014). Diagnosing female genital schistosomiasis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21, 169.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Esther Bature, Ishaya Kato Auta, Basira Ibrahim, Isaac Ishaya Auta. (2022). Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13

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    ACS Style

    Esther Bature; Ishaya Kato Auta; Basira Ibrahim; Isaac Ishaya Auta. Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2022, 7(2), 44-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13

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    AMA Style

    Esther Bature, Ishaya Kato Auta, Basira Ibrahim, Isaac Ishaya Auta. Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria. Am J Sci Eng Technol. 2022;7(2):44-49. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13,
      author = {Esther Bature and Ishaya Kato Auta and Basira Ibrahim and Isaac Ishaya Auta},
      title = {Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology},
      volume = {7},
      number = {2},
      pages = {44-49},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajset.20220702.13},
      abstract = {Female Genital schistosomiasis [FGS] is a neglected and disabling disease that results when eggs from the waterborne parasite Schistosoma haematobium are trapped in the human reproductive tract. There is no specific action plan to address FGS due to epidemiological and clinical surveillance gaps. There is also insufficient data on FGS especially in northern Nigeria. This study sought to provide data on FGS in selected communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC area councils of FCT. The study recruited 154 women of reproductive age between [14-50 years]. Urine samples were collected from all 154 participants and subjected to a dipstick test to determine presence of haematuria, 44 [28.9%] tested positive for dipstick and was subjected to microscopy to examine the presence of Schistosoma ova. A total of 13 [8.6%] had egg-patent urogenital schistosomiasis. To verify presence of FGS directly, 6 adult women each underwent a gynaecological investigation with observed lesions as classified by the WHO FGS pocket atlas. All 6 [3.9%] presented with FGS symptoms as follows: abnormal blood vessels 31.3%, rubberey papules 25.0%, yellow grainy sandy patch 12.5% and contact bleeding at 6.3%. This study confirms FGS in FCT and calls for further investigation of this disease where urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic. There should be a specific action plan on FGS to help detect it, thereby providing data and also develop appropriate response to prevent it.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Female Genital Schistosomiasis and Clinical Manifestation in Selected Communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC, Abuja, Nigeria
    AU  - Esther Bature
    AU  - Ishaya Kato Auta
    AU  - Basira Ibrahim
    AU  - Isaac Ishaya Auta
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13
    T2  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    JF  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    JO  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    SP  - 44
    EP  - 49
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-8353
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20220702.13
    AB  - Female Genital schistosomiasis [FGS] is a neglected and disabling disease that results when eggs from the waterborne parasite Schistosoma haematobium are trapped in the human reproductive tract. There is no specific action plan to address FGS due to epidemiological and clinical surveillance gaps. There is also insufficient data on FGS especially in northern Nigeria. This study sought to provide data on FGS in selected communities in Gwagwalada and AMAC area councils of FCT. The study recruited 154 women of reproductive age between [14-50 years]. Urine samples were collected from all 154 participants and subjected to a dipstick test to determine presence of haematuria, 44 [28.9%] tested positive for dipstick and was subjected to microscopy to examine the presence of Schistosoma ova. A total of 13 [8.6%] had egg-patent urogenital schistosomiasis. To verify presence of FGS directly, 6 adult women each underwent a gynaecological investigation with observed lesions as classified by the WHO FGS pocket atlas. All 6 [3.9%] presented with FGS symptoms as follows: abnormal blood vessels 31.3%, rubberey papules 25.0%, yellow grainy sandy patch 12.5% and contact bleeding at 6.3%. This study confirms FGS in FCT and calls for further investigation of this disease where urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic. There should be a specific action plan on FGS to help detect it, thereby providing data and also develop appropriate response to prevent it.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 2
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Author Information
  • Department of Biological Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

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