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Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal

Received: 7 December 2020     Accepted: 15 December 2020     Published: 31 December 2020
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Abstract

Investigation of soil bearing capacity helps in determining the design of the foundation of any structure. The main parameters which are commonly associated with the determination of liquefaction potential are the saturated sand and silty soils. Therefore, the present study was focused on the investigation of soil bearing capacity at different locations of Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The study was conducted during the period of 2019. Laboratory tests of the soil is the major tool of the investigation. The findings were analyzed in five categories emphasizing on bearing capacity, bulk density, natural moisture content, specific gravity and grain sieve analysis. The study found that the soil bearing capacity of the Kathmandu valley is low. Most of the places consist of Silty Clay soil, the consistency of which is very low. The study found that the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity was to be 151.2Kn/m2 and 61.66Kn/m2 respectively in Lalitpur District. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity of Kathmandu was found to be 163 Kn/m2 and 58.6 Kn/m2, whereas the same parameter in Bhaktapur, was found to be 6 Kn/m2 and 56.4 Kn/m2. Furthermore, the highest and lowest value of bulk density of the Lalitpur district was found to be 1.72 gm/cm3 and 2.1 gm/cm3 respectively, and for Bhaktapur it was declared to be 1.69 gm/cm3 and 2.01 gm/cm3 consecutively. In addition, the highest and lowest value of bulk density was calculated to be 1.55 gm/cm3 and 2.09 gm/cm3 for Kathmandu. Whereas, based on natural moisture content, the findings which were observed are the highest and lowest value of 4.4% and 99.85% at Lalitpur; and at Bhaktapur 10.72%, 75.95% respectively. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of Kathmandu district was found to be 4.76% and 99.8%. Moreover, based on specific gravity the highest and lowest values of Lalitpur District are 2.71 and 2.55, and at Bhaktapur district are 2.72 and 2.55, and at Kathmandu district are 2.72 and 2.55 respectively. Thus, the consistency of the soil at most of the places of the Kathmandu Valley ranges from soft to medium soft depending upon the value of N (i.e. 4 to 8). The study would like to suggest that the geotechnical investigation is necessary before the construction of a building in Kathmandu valley. Furthermore, the depth of the foundation should be increased, raft foundation is recommended to a greater extent. And, pile foundation is recommended, where the soil has very low bearing capacity.

Published in American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16
Page(s) 154-169
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bulk Density, Soil Bearing Capacity, Moisture Content, History of Construction Project

References
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[2] M. Subedi, I. P. Acharya, K. Sharma, and K. Adhikari, “Liquefaction of Soil in Kathmandu Valley From the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake,” Gorkha Earthq. 2015 Spec. Nepal Eng. Assoc., vol. 37, no. December, pp. 264–269, 2016.
[3] G. Chiaro, T. Kiyota, R. M. Pokhrel, K. Goda, T. Katagiri, and K. Sharma, “Reconnaissance report on geotechnical and structural damage caused by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal,” Soils Found., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1030–1043, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2015.09.006.
[4] A. Albatal, H. H. Mohammad, and M. E. Elrazik, “Effect of inadequate site investigation on the cost and time of a construction project,” pp. 331–336, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1201/b16058-49.
[5] H. B. Motra, H. Stutz, and F. Wuttke, “Quality assessment of soil bearing capacity factor models of shallow foundations,” Soils Found., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 265–276, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.009.
[6] M. A. Mahamud, M. Alamgir, M. J. Hossain, and E. Section, “Laboratory Investigation on the Behaviour of Improved Organic Soil of Khulna Region,” no. 1, pp. 1–7, 1938.
[7] V. Subramaniam, “Analysis of vit soil,” no. November, 2019.
[8] M. F. Ovi, Deep foundation in Bangladesh. 2015.
[9] M. Dixit and K. Patil, “Study of Effect of Different Parameters on Bearing,” no. April, 2016.
[10] H. A. Abdul-husain, “Comparison of Theoretical Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils with Experimental And Field Data,” no. 3, pp. 596–603, 2016.
[11] R. K. Danai and I. P. Acharya, “Bearing Capacity Analysis and Zoning of Kathmandu for Shallow Foundations,” J. Adv. Coll. Eng. Manag., vol. 4, no. December 2018, pp. 111–117, 2018, doi: 10.3126/jacem.v4i0.23200.
[12] Z. Erguler, “A quantitative method of describing grain size distribution of soils and some examples for its applications,” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., vol. 75, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10064-015-0790-1.
[13] D. Cummings and F. J. Kenton, “Eleven Case Studies of Failures in Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology, and Geophysics : How They Could Have Been Avoided,” Fifth Int. Conf. Case Hist. Geotech. Eng., pp. 0–12, 2004.
[14] R. Shivashankar, “Scholars ’ Mine Role of Case Histories on Geotechnical Engineering Teaching and Practice ROLE OF CASE HISTORIES IN GEOTECHNICAL,” no. May, pp. 0–10, 2013.
[15] A. A. G. AL-SHAMMARY, A. Z. KOUZANI, A. KAYNAK, S. Y. KHOO, M. NORTON, and W. GATES, “Soil Bulk Density Estimation Methods: A Review,” Pedosphere, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 581–596, 2018, doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60034-7.
[16] E. Muzzini and G. Aparicio, Urban Growth and Spatial Transition in Nepal. 2013.
[17] A. Dhungel, “Introduction to Kathmandu Valley,” no. December, 2017.
[18] B. K. Shrestha, “Transformation of Machendra Bahal at Bungamati - Conservation and Management Plan -,” pp. 1–15, 2001.
[19] R. B. Thapa and Y. Murayama, “City profile : Kathmandu.,” no. December 2017, 2008.
[20] Z. Moh, “Site investigation and geotechnical failures,” Int. Conf. Struct. Found. Fail., 2004.
[21] Zhang, Z. (2011). Achievements and problems of geotechnical engineering investigation in China. Journal of Zhejiang University - Science A: Applied Physics & Engineering, 12, 87–102.
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    Neeru K. C., Khet Raj Dahal. (2020). Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16

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    Neeru K. C.; Khet Raj Dahal. Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2020, 5(4), 154-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16

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    Neeru K. C., Khet Raj Dahal. Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Am J Sci Eng Technol. 2020;5(4):154-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16,
      author = {Neeru K. C. and Khet Raj Dahal},
      title = {Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal},
      journal = {American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology},
      volume = {5},
      number = {4},
      pages = {154-169},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajset.20200504.16},
      abstract = {Investigation of soil bearing capacity helps in determining the design of the foundation of any structure. The main parameters which are commonly associated with the determination of liquefaction potential are the saturated sand and silty soils. Therefore, the present study was focused on the investigation of soil bearing capacity at different locations of Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The study was conducted during the period of 2019. Laboratory tests of the soil is the major tool of the investigation. The findings were analyzed in five categories emphasizing on bearing capacity, bulk density, natural moisture content, specific gravity and grain sieve analysis. The study found that the soil bearing capacity of the Kathmandu valley is low. Most of the places consist of Silty Clay soil, the consistency of which is very low. The study found that the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity was to be 151.2Kn/m2 and 61.66Kn/m2 respectively in Lalitpur District. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity of Kathmandu was found to be 163 Kn/m2 and 58.6 Kn/m2, whereas the same parameter in Bhaktapur, was found to be 6 Kn/m2 and 56.4 Kn/m2. Furthermore, the highest and lowest value of bulk density of the Lalitpur district was found to be 1.72 gm/cm3 and 2.1 gm/cm3 respectively, and for Bhaktapur it was declared to be 1.69 gm/cm3 and 2.01 gm/cm3 consecutively. In addition, the highest and lowest value of bulk density was calculated to be 1.55 gm/cm3 and 2.09 gm/cm3 for Kathmandu. Whereas, based on natural moisture content, the findings which were observed are the highest and lowest value of 4.4% and 99.85% at Lalitpur; and at Bhaktapur 10.72%, 75.95% respectively. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of Kathmandu district was found to be 4.76% and 99.8%. Moreover, based on specific gravity the highest and lowest values of Lalitpur District are 2.71 and 2.55, and at Bhaktapur district are 2.72 and 2.55, and at Kathmandu district are 2.72 and 2.55 respectively. Thus, the consistency of the soil at most of the places of the Kathmandu Valley ranges from soft to medium soft depending upon the value of N (i.e. 4 to 8). The study would like to suggest that the geotechnical investigation is necessary before the construction of a building in Kathmandu valley. Furthermore, the depth of the foundation should be increased, raft foundation is recommended to a greater extent. And, pile foundation is recommended, where the soil has very low bearing capacity.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Investigation of Soil at Different Locations of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
    AU  - Neeru K. C.
    AU  - Khet Raj Dahal
    Y1  - 2020/12/31
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16
    T2  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    JF  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    JO  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
    SP  - 154
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-8353
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20200504.16
    AB  - Investigation of soil bearing capacity helps in determining the design of the foundation of any structure. The main parameters which are commonly associated with the determination of liquefaction potential are the saturated sand and silty soils. Therefore, the present study was focused on the investigation of soil bearing capacity at different locations of Kathmandu valley of Nepal. The study was conducted during the period of 2019. Laboratory tests of the soil is the major tool of the investigation. The findings were analyzed in five categories emphasizing on bearing capacity, bulk density, natural moisture content, specific gravity and grain sieve analysis. The study found that the soil bearing capacity of the Kathmandu valley is low. Most of the places consist of Silty Clay soil, the consistency of which is very low. The study found that the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity was to be 151.2Kn/m2 and 61.66Kn/m2 respectively in Lalitpur District. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of bearing capacity of Kathmandu was found to be 163 Kn/m2 and 58.6 Kn/m2, whereas the same parameter in Bhaktapur, was found to be 6 Kn/m2 and 56.4 Kn/m2. Furthermore, the highest and lowest value of bulk density of the Lalitpur district was found to be 1.72 gm/cm3 and 2.1 gm/cm3 respectively, and for Bhaktapur it was declared to be 1.69 gm/cm3 and 2.01 gm/cm3 consecutively. In addition, the highest and lowest value of bulk density was calculated to be 1.55 gm/cm3 and 2.09 gm/cm3 for Kathmandu. Whereas, based on natural moisture content, the findings which were observed are the highest and lowest value of 4.4% and 99.85% at Lalitpur; and at Bhaktapur 10.72%, 75.95% respectively. Similarly, the highest and lowest value of Kathmandu district was found to be 4.76% and 99.8%. Moreover, based on specific gravity the highest and lowest values of Lalitpur District are 2.71 and 2.55, and at Bhaktapur district are 2.72 and 2.55, and at Kathmandu district are 2.72 and 2.55 respectively. Thus, the consistency of the soil at most of the places of the Kathmandu Valley ranges from soft to medium soft depending upon the value of N (i.e. 4 to 8). The study would like to suggest that the geotechnical investigation is necessary before the construction of a building in Kathmandu valley. Furthermore, the depth of the foundation should be increased, raft foundation is recommended to a greater extent. And, pile foundation is recommended, where the soil has very low bearing capacity.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Lumbini Buddhist University, Lumbini International Academy of Science and Technology, Manbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal

  • Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Lumbini Buddhist University, Lumbini International Academy of Science and Technology, Manbhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal

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