Although autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been considered to be associated with intellectual disability, there is no known study on cognitive capacities of primary school aged children with ASD in Nigeria. The objective of this study is to compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) of primary school pupils with autism spectrum disorders with that of their controls in Uyo, Nigeria. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale–second Edition (GARS-2) and Gilliam Asperger Disorder Scale (GADS) were used to identify school children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Their intelligence quotient was assessed using the Draw–A–Person–Test (DAPT). The findings were compared with that of their age, social class and gender matched controls. A total of 29 pupils with autism spectrum disorders were identified out of 2,641 studied. Twenty-six out of the 29 children with ASD were suitable for intelligence quotient estimation using DAPT; two of the pupils were less than 4 years of age and one had features suggestive of Down syndrome. Eleven out of 26 pupils (42%) assessed for intelligence quotient had intellectual disability (IQ<75%) while fifteen (58%) had normal intelligence (IQ>75%). The overall mean IQ score of the pupils with ASD of 82.5±22.5 was significantly lower than that of the controls of 108.9±14.8 (p<0.01). Pupils with Asperger’s disorder had the highest mean IQ while those with autistic disorder had the least mean IQ with a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). ASD are associated with low IQ among school children in Uyo, Nigeria.
| Published in | American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (Volume 5, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15 |
| Page(s) | 83-87 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Intelligence Quotients, Autism Spectrum Disorders, School Children, Uyo
| [1] | American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. |
| [2] | American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington DC: APA 2000. |
| [3] | Bertrand J, Mars A, Boyle C, Bove F. Prevalence of autism in a United States population: The Brick Township, New J ersey, Investigation. Pediatr 2001; 108 (5): 1155-61. |
| [4] | Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ssebyala K, Karamagi C, Kiguli S, Smith K, Anderson MC, Croen LA, Trevathan E, Hansen R, Smith D, Grether JK. Adaptation of the “ten questions” to screen for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders in Uganda. Autism 2014; 18 (4): 447–57. |
| [5] | Kim FS, Leventhal BL, Koh J, Fombonne E, Laska E et al. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168 (9): 904-12. |
| [6] | Bakare MO, Munir KM. Autism Spectrum Disorders in Africa. In: A comprehensive book on autism spectrum disorders. Muhammad-Reza M. (Ed); In Tech, Croatia 2011; 183-94. |
| [7] | Bakare MO, Munir KM. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Africa: a perspective. Afr J Psychiatry 2011; 14 (3): 208-10. |
| [8] | Bakare MO, Ebigbo PO, Ubochi VN. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among Nigerian children with intellectual disability: a stop gap assessment. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2012; 23 (2): 513-8. |
| [9] | Eldin AS, Habib D, Noufal A, Farrag S, Bazaid K et al. Use of M-CHAT for multi-national screening of young children with autism in Arab countries. Int Rev Psyciatry 2008; 20 (3): 281-9. |
| [10] | Bakare MO, Igwe MN, Odinka PC, Iteke O. Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and psychotropic medication prescription patterns in a mental hospital-based child and adolescent psychiatric service in Nigeria. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2011; 22 (3): 751-5. |
| [11] | Fombonne E. Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: An update. J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33 (4): 365-82. |
| [12] | Belhadj A, Mrad R, Halayem MB. A clinic and para clinic study of Tunisian population of children with autism. About 63 cases. Tunis Med 2006; 84 (12): 763-7. |
| [13] | Abubakar A, Ssewanyana D, Newton CR. A Systematic Review of Research on Autism Spectrum Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa. Behavioural Neurol vol. 2016, Article ID 3501910, 14 pages. doi:10.1155/2016/3501910. |
| [14] | Ben-Itzchar E, Zachor DA. The effect of intellectual functioning and severity of autism on outcome of early behavioural intervention for children with autism. Res Dev Disabilities 2007; 28 (3): 287-303. |
| [15] | Steven MC, Fein DA, Dunn M, Allen D, Waterhouse LH et al. Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. J Am Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39 (30): 346-52. |
| [16] | Araoye MO. Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Science. Nathadex Publishers, Ilorin 2004; 115-29. |
| [17] | Gilliam JE. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition, Examiner’s Manual. Austin, TX: PRO-ED 2006. |
| [18] | Gilliam JE. GADS; Gilliam Asperger Disorder Scale, Examiner’s Manual. Austin, TX: PRO-ED 2003. |
| [19] | Ebigbo PD, Okwaraji F, Ekwo JE. A study of norm reference indicators of the Draw-a-person test in Nigeria. Journal of Research in Special Education 2001; 4 (2b): 20-28. |
| [20] | Arden R, Trzaskowski M, Garfield V, Plomin R. Genes influence young children’s human figure drawings and their association with intelligence a decade later. Psychol Sci. 2014 Oct; 25 (10): 1843-1850. |
| [21] | Sattler JM. Assessment of children (3rd Ed. Rev.). Jerome M. Sattler, San Diego, CA 1992. |
| [22] | Zigler H. Der Mann-Zeicher Test Mauenster-Westfallen, A Schendof, 1975. |
| [23] | Ebigbo P, Izuora G. Draw-a-person test: Standardization, validation and guidelines for use in Nigeria. Enugu: Chuka printing press 1981; 7-12. |
| [24] | Akpan MU, Ojinnaka NC, Ekanem E. Behavioural problems among school children in Nigeria. SAJP 2010; 16 (2): 50-5. |
| [25] | Oyedeji G. Socio-economic and cultural background of hospitalized children in Ilesha. Nig J Paediatr 1985; 12 (4): 111-7. |
| [26] | Izuwah DN, Alikor EAD. Autism in Port Harcourt: Social Impairment a tpresentation. Nig J Paediatr 2011; 38 (1): 32. |
| [27] | Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The special needs and autism project (SNAP). Lancet 2006; 368 (9531): 210-5. |
| [28] | Efanga SI and Idante GO. Educational Costs and Demand for Private Secondary School in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. British J Edu 2014; 2 (2): 4; 85-91. |
| [29] | World Health Organization. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death (8th ed). WHO, Geneva 1967: 1. |
| [30] | Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E. Pervasive Developmental Disorders in preschool children. JAMA 2001; 285 (24): 3093-9. |
| [31] | Charman T, Pickles A, Simonoff E, Chandler T, Loucas T, Baird G. IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from special needs and autism project (SNAP). Psychol Med 2011; 41 (3): 619-27. |
| [32] | Whitby PJS, Mancil GR. Academic Achievement Profiles of children with high functioning autism and asperger syndrome: A review of the literature. Edu Training Dev Disabilities 2009; 44 (4): 551-60. |
APA Style
Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem, Mkpouto Udeme Akpan, Paulinus Umoren Essien. (2018). Intelligence Quotient of Primary School Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Uyo, Nigeria. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 5(6), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15
ACS Style
Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem; Mkpouto Udeme Akpan; Paulinus Umoren Essien. Intelligence Quotient of Primary School Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Uyo, Nigeria. Am. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018, 5(6), 83-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15
AMA Style
Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem, Mkpouto Udeme Akpan, Paulinus Umoren Essien. Intelligence Quotient of Primary School Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Uyo, Nigeria. Am J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018;5(6):83-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15,
author = {Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem and Mkpouto Udeme Akpan and Paulinus Umoren Essien},
title = {Intelligence Quotient of Primary School Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Uyo, Nigeria},
journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {83-87},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpn.20170506.15},
abstract = {Although autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been considered to be associated with intellectual disability, there is no known study on cognitive capacities of primary school aged children with ASD in Nigeria. The objective of this study is to compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) of primary school pupils with autism spectrum disorders with that of their controls in Uyo, Nigeria. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale–second Edition (GARS-2) and Gilliam Asperger Disorder Scale (GADS) were used to identify school children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Their intelligence quotient was assessed using the Draw–A–Person–Test (DAPT). The findings were compared with that of their age, social class and gender matched controls. A total of 29 pupils with autism spectrum disorders were identified out of 2,641 studied. Twenty-six out of the 29 children with ASD were suitable for intelligence quotient estimation using DAPT; two of the pupils were less than 4 years of age and one had features suggestive of Down syndrome. Eleven out of 26 pupils (42%) assessed for intelligence quotient had intellectual disability (IQ75%). The overall mean IQ score of the pupils with ASD of 82.5±22.5 was significantly lower than that of the controls of 108.9±14.8 (p<0.01). Pupils with Asperger’s disorder had the highest mean IQ while those with autistic disorder had the least mean IQ with a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). ASD are associated with low IQ among school children in Uyo, Nigeria.},
year = {2018}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Intelligence Quotient of Primary School Pupils with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Uyo, Nigeria AU - Emmanuel Eyo Ekanem AU - Mkpouto Udeme Akpan AU - Paulinus Umoren Essien Y1 - 2018/01/03 PY - 2018 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15 T2 - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience JF - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience JO - American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience SP - 83 EP - 87 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-426X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20170506.15 AB - Although autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been considered to be associated with intellectual disability, there is no known study on cognitive capacities of primary school aged children with ASD in Nigeria. The objective of this study is to compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) of primary school pupils with autism spectrum disorders with that of their controls in Uyo, Nigeria. Gilliam Autism Rating Scale–second Edition (GARS-2) and Gilliam Asperger Disorder Scale (GADS) were used to identify school children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Their intelligence quotient was assessed using the Draw–A–Person–Test (DAPT). The findings were compared with that of their age, social class and gender matched controls. A total of 29 pupils with autism spectrum disorders were identified out of 2,641 studied. Twenty-six out of the 29 children with ASD were suitable for intelligence quotient estimation using DAPT; two of the pupils were less than 4 years of age and one had features suggestive of Down syndrome. Eleven out of 26 pupils (42%) assessed for intelligence quotient had intellectual disability (IQ75%). The overall mean IQ score of the pupils with ASD of 82.5±22.5 was significantly lower than that of the controls of 108.9±14.8 (p<0.01). Pupils with Asperger’s disorder had the highest mean IQ while those with autistic disorder had the least mean IQ with a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). ASD are associated with low IQ among school children in Uyo, Nigeria. VL - 5 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: