| Peer-Reviewed

Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices

Received: 22 November 2021     Accepted: 15 December 2021     Published: 29 December 2021
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Abstract

The Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA) in collaboration with the Dairy industry and environmental scientists, has developed, over a period of three years, an Air Quality Management Policy for Dairy Operations. The Policy is geared towards a systematic implementation of proven Best Management Practices (BMPs), which are specific for each dairy operation, to reduce air emissions in the Yakima Valley, WA. The BMPs are grouped in tiers with respect to effectiveness, cost, ease of implementation, and compatibility with the State mandated nutrient management plans for dairies. Tier 1 BMPs are generally the least expensive and easiest to implement, while Tier 3 BMPs are the most challenging and expensive to implement. The BMPs focus on air emission reduction of major air pollutants from dairy operations, namely; ammonia, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, odor, particulate matter and methane. The dairy operations are broken down into the following components/systems: nutrition, feed management, milking parlor, housing (freestall and drylots), grazing, manure management and land application. The components in each dairy depend on the overall management design and not every dairy has all these components. A total of 41 dairy operations within the YRCAA jurisdiction were included in the policy representing a total of 145,000 head of cattle (lactating cows, dry cows, heifers and calves). To obtain baseline data, the YRCAA staff conducted site visits for each facility in 2014 and assigned a “score” for each dairy component ranging from A to D. The results presented here are not specific to each facility but aggregated. Based on all participating dairies; 21% scored an “A”, 30% scored a “B”, 37% scored a “C”, and 12% scored a “D”. These data will be used as a baseline to compare future BMPs implementations to determine air emission reductions. In general, results show that guided and voluntary implementation of BMPs has the potential to significantly reduce ammonia, volatile organic compounds, and odor emissions in the Valley.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15
Page(s) 158-165
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dairy Operation, Air Quality, Air Emissions Reduction, Best Management Practices, Cost and Tiers, Implementation Dairy Systems/Component, Baseline Data

References
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[13] Leytem, April B, Robert S Dungan, David L Bjorneberg, and Anita C Koehn. 2015. “Emissions of Ammonia, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide from Dairy Cattle Housing and Manure Management Systems.” Journal of Environmental Quality 40 (5): 1383–94. Accessed January 27. doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0515.
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[25] Smits, M. C. J., H. Valk, A. Elzing, and A. Keen. 1995. “Effect of Protein Nutrition on Ammonia Emission from a Cubicle House for Dairy Cattle.” Livestock Production Science.
[26] Søgaard, H. T, S. G Sommer, N. J Hutchings, J. F. M Huijsmans, D. W Bussink, and F Nicholson. 2002. “Ammonia Volatilization from Field-Applied Animal Slurry—the ALFAM Model.” Atmospheric Environment 36 (20): 3309–19. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00300-X.
[27] Sommer, S G, and J E Olesen. 2000. “Modelling Ammonia Volatilization from Animal Slurry Applied with Trail Hoses to Cereals.” Atmospheric Environment 34 (15): 2361–72. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00442-2.
[28] Thompson, R B, and J J Meisinger. 2004. “Gaseous Nitrogen Losses and Ammonia Volatilization Measurement Following Land Application of Cattle Slurry in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the.” Plant and Soil 266: 231–46.
[29] Washington Dairy Product Commission (WDPC), 2013.
[30] White, S. L., R. E. Sheffield, S. P. Washburn, L. D. King, and J. T. Green. 2001. Spatial and time distribution of dairy cattle excreta in an intensive pasture system. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 2180-2187.
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  • APA Style

    Hasan Tahat, Mylene Gueneron, Gary Pruitt, Pius Ndegwa, Nichole Embertson. (2021). Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 10(6), 158-165. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15

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    ACS Style

    Hasan Tahat; Mylene Gueneron; Gary Pruitt; Pius Ndegwa; Nichole Embertson. Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2021, 10(6), 158-165. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15

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    AMA Style

    Hasan Tahat, Mylene Gueneron, Gary Pruitt, Pius Ndegwa, Nichole Embertson. Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices. Am J Environ Prot. 2021;10(6):158-165. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15,
      author = {Hasan Tahat and Mylene Gueneron and Gary Pruitt and Pius Ndegwa and Nichole Embertson},
      title = {Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {10},
      number = {6},
      pages = {158-165},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20211006.15},
      abstract = {The Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA) in collaboration with the Dairy industry and environmental scientists, has developed, over a period of three years, an Air Quality Management Policy for Dairy Operations. The Policy is geared towards a systematic implementation of proven Best Management Practices (BMPs), which are specific for each dairy operation, to reduce air emissions in the Yakima Valley, WA. The BMPs are grouped in tiers with respect to effectiveness, cost, ease of implementation, and compatibility with the State mandated nutrient management plans for dairies. Tier 1 BMPs are generally the least expensive and easiest to implement, while Tier 3 BMPs are the most challenging and expensive to implement. The BMPs focus on air emission reduction of major air pollutants from dairy operations, namely; ammonia, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, odor, particulate matter and methane. The dairy operations are broken down into the following components/systems: nutrition, feed management, milking parlor, housing (freestall and drylots), grazing, manure management and land application. The components in each dairy depend on the overall management design and not every dairy has all these components. A total of 41 dairy operations within the YRCAA jurisdiction were included in the policy representing a total of 145,000 head of cattle (lactating cows, dry cows, heifers and calves). To obtain baseline data, the YRCAA staff conducted site visits for each facility in 2014 and assigned a “score” for each dairy component ranging from A to D. The results presented here are not specific to each facility but aggregated. Based on all participating dairies; 21% scored an “A”, 30% scored a “B”, 37% scored a “C”, and 12% scored a “D”. These data will be used as a baseline to compare future BMPs implementations to determine air emission reductions. In general, results show that guided and voluntary implementation of BMPs has the potential to significantly reduce ammonia, volatile organic compounds, and odor emissions in the Valley.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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    T1  - Regional Air Emissions Reduction from Dairy Operations Via Best Management Practices
    AU  - Hasan Tahat
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    AU  - Gary Pruitt
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    AB  - The Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA) in collaboration with the Dairy industry and environmental scientists, has developed, over a period of three years, an Air Quality Management Policy for Dairy Operations. The Policy is geared towards a systematic implementation of proven Best Management Practices (BMPs), which are specific for each dairy operation, to reduce air emissions in the Yakima Valley, WA. The BMPs are grouped in tiers with respect to effectiveness, cost, ease of implementation, and compatibility with the State mandated nutrient management plans for dairies. Tier 1 BMPs are generally the least expensive and easiest to implement, while Tier 3 BMPs are the most challenging and expensive to implement. The BMPs focus on air emission reduction of major air pollutants from dairy operations, namely; ammonia, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, odor, particulate matter and methane. The dairy operations are broken down into the following components/systems: nutrition, feed management, milking parlor, housing (freestall and drylots), grazing, manure management and land application. The components in each dairy depend on the overall management design and not every dairy has all these components. A total of 41 dairy operations within the YRCAA jurisdiction were included in the policy representing a total of 145,000 head of cattle (lactating cows, dry cows, heifers and calves). To obtain baseline data, the YRCAA staff conducted site visits for each facility in 2014 and assigned a “score” for each dairy component ranging from A to D. The results presented here are not specific to each facility but aggregated. Based on all participating dairies; 21% scored an “A”, 30% scored a “B”, 37% scored a “C”, and 12% scored a “D”. These data will be used as a baseline to compare future BMPs implementations to determine air emission reductions. In general, results show that guided and voluntary implementation of BMPs has the potential to significantly reduce ammonia, volatile organic compounds, and odor emissions in the Valley.
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Author Information
  • Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA), Yakima, USA

  • Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA), Yakima, USA

  • Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency (YRCAA), Yakima, USA

  • Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, USA

  • Whatcom Conservation District, Lynden, USA

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