Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of <i>The Public Order Court</i>

Sergio Calvo Romero

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court

Sergio Calvo Romero

Published in American Journal of Education and Information Technology (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 24 February 2021 Accepted: 6 July 2021 Published: 10 July 2021

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Abstract

The history of the University of Zaragoza during the last decade of Franco’s dictatorship is not far from the reality experienced in other campuses such as Madrid’s, Barcelona’s, Valencia’s or Seville’s. Since 1965 the actions in the campus will evolve progressively, reaching days of real struggle that will lead to the direct confrontation with the academic authorities, and the resulting academic sanctions, detentions and identifications, the entry of law enforcement into the campus and even the closure of the university. Throughout the last ten years of the dictatorship, the anti-Franco student mobilisation will open up to the monopoly and personalism of the PCE to give rise to a considerable and constant increasing number of students who will not hesitate to get involved in the creation of new associations and upcoming forms of struggle. During the 1960s a new type of university protest began in which the protagonists, the objectives and the confrontational actions constituted an innovation that the regime failed to recognise and whose solution was physical and judicial repression. The University of Zaragoza became a continuous focus of challenge to the regime. The legal tools used were the Jurisdiction of Public Order and the Public Order Court. The analysis of their judgements constitutes a primary source of extraordinary importance that reveals that students in Zaragoza were an active and crucial element in the anti-Franco fight in the city. The campus led concentrations, assemblies and other dissatisfaction displays, highlighting the Communist Party of Spain and its pursuit to lead and promote student mobilisation.

Published in	American Journal of Education and Information Technology (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12
Page(s)	74-82
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Public Order Court, Student Protests, University of Zaragoza, Youth, Repression, Detention

References

[1]	Marc Baldó Lacomba, “The Student Movement and the Opposition to Francoism in the Sixties”, in Feather and anvil. Socialism in Valencian History, eds. Manuel Chust, and Salvador Broseta, (Basque Country: PUV, 2003), p. 127.
[2]	Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer, “Students, Culture and Political Violence in Spanish Universities (1925-1975)”, p. 269, in Cultures and Politics of Violence: Spain 20th Century, Javier Muñoz Soro, José Luis Ledesma and Javier Rodrigo, (coords.); (Madrid: Seven Seas, 2005), 269. And Marc Baldó Lacomba, Students against Franco (1939-1975) Political Opposition and Youth Mobilisation (Madrid: The Books’ Sphere, 2007).
[3]	José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent. Workers and Students under Francoism (Madrid: Alfaguara, 1978), p. 161.
[4]	Encarna Nicolás, Chained Liberty: Spain during Franco’s Dictatorship, 1939-1975 (Madrid: Alianza, 2005) p. 364.
[5]	Marc Baldó Lacomba, “Universities during the Republic and…section quoted. p. 488.
[6]	Marc Baldó Lacomba, “The Student Movement and the Opposition … section quoted. p. 133.
[7]	Elena Hernández Sandoica, Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer and Marc Baldó Lacomba, Students against Franco (1939-1975) Political Opposition and Youth Mobilisation… op. quoted, p. 147.
[8]	José María Maravall, Dictatorship and pPolitical Dissent… op. quoted, p. 168.
[9]	Elena Hernández Sandoica, Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer and Marc Baldó Lacomba, Students against Franco (1939-1975) Political Opposition... op. quoted, p. 156.
[10]	Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer, The Spanish University (SEU), 1939-1965. Political Socialization of the University Youth during Francoism (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1996), p. 376.
[11]	José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent … op. quoted, pp. 169-173.
[12]	Josep Fontana (ed.), Spain Under Francoism (Barcelona: Critica, 2000) p. 161.
[13]	Encarna Nicolás, Chained Liberty: Spain during Franco’s Dictatorship … op. quoted; (Madrid: Alianza, 2005) p. 368.
[14]	An example of one of the many publications of Carrillo-Linares, Alberto, “Anti-Franco Student Movement, Culture and Political Transition towards Democracy”, Past and Memory. Contemporary, 5 (2006) p. 150 and Elena Hernández Sandoica, Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer and Marc Baldó Lacomba, Students against Franco (1939-1975) Political Opposition and Youth Mobilisation (Madrid: The Books’ Sphere, 2007), pp. 498-500.
[15]	Sara Nuñez De Prado, and Raúl Ramírez Ruiz, “The Opposition to Francoism in the Sentences of the TOP: Political Organisations and Social Movements” Notebooks of Contemporary History 23 (2013), p. 268.
[16]	Law 154 / 1963, of 2 December, about the creation of the Court and Jurisdiction of Public Order.
[17]	Juan José Del Águila, The TOP. Liberty’s Repression (1963-1977) (Barcelona: Planeta, 2001), pp. 231-233.
[18]	Juan José Del Águila, The TOP. Liberty’s Repression… op. quoted, p. 260.
[19]	Alejandro Nieto and Carmelo Monedero: Ideology and Psychology of the Student (Barcelona: Ariel, 1977), p. 46.
[20]	Marc Baldó Lacomba, “The Student Movement and the Opposition… sectuib. qu., p. 144.
[21]	Consuelo Císcar Casabán, “The End of Franco’s Syndicalism at University. The first union congress of Spain (I RCP)”, in Memory of anti-Francoism. The University of Valencia under Francosim, publishers: Benito Sanz Díaz and Ramón Rodríguez Bello (Valencia.: University of Valencia, 1999), pp. 191-206.
[22]	Encarnación Barranquero Texeira and Victoria Ramos Bellos, v.: “Sources for the Studio of the University Movement during Francoism: PCE archive”, n Spanish University under Franco’s Regime (1939-1975), publishers: Juan J. Carreras Ares and Miguel Ángel Ruiz Carnicer (Zaragoza: Institution “Fernando el Católico”, 1991), p. 573.
[23]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 251/69.
[24]	Richard Gunter, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad, The Party System in Spain. Genesis and Evolution (Madrid: Sociological Research Centre) p. 74.
[25]	Judgment of the Public Order Court /70.
[26]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 59/75.
[27]	A small proof in Sergio Calvo Romero’s “Anonymous Protagonists: An Approach to the University Protest in Zaragoza through the Reports and Letters of Militants”, Annals, 21, (2015), pp. 287-301.
[28]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 13/69.
[29]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 40/71.
[30]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 287/70.
[31]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 355/74.
[32]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 83/73.
[33]	Judgment of the Public Order Court 318/74.
[34]	NIETO, A. y MONEDERO, C.: Ideology and Psychology of the Student, Barcelona, Ariel, 1977, p. 46.
[35]	Carrillo-Linares, Alberto, “Anti-Franco Student Movement, Culture and Political Transition towards Democracy”, Past and Memory. Contemporary, 5, (2006), pp. 149-170.
[36]	Annual Report of the Civil Government of Zaragoza, 1973.

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Sergio Calvo Romero. (2021). Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. American Journal of Education and Information Technology, 5(2), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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Sergio Calvo Romero. Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. Am. J. Educ. Inf. Technol. 2021, 5(2), 74-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Sergio Calvo Romero. Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. Am J Educ Inf Technol. 2021;5(2):74-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12,
  author = {Sergio Calvo Romero},
  title = {Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court},
  journal = {American Journal of Education and Information Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {74-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  abstract = {The history of the University of Zaragoza during the last decade of Franco’s dictatorship is not far from the reality experienced in other campuses such as Madrid’s, Barcelona’s, Valencia’s or Seville’s. Since 1965 the actions in the campus will evolve progressively, reaching days of real struggle that will lead to the direct confrontation with the academic authorities, and the resulting academic sanctions, detentions and identifications, the entry of law enforcement into the campus and even the closure of the university. Throughout the last ten years of the dictatorship, the anti-Franco student mobilisation will open up to the monopoly and personalism of the PCE to give rise to a considerable and constant increasing number of students who will not hesitate to get involved in the creation of new associations and upcoming forms of struggle. During the 1960s a new type of university protest began in which the protagonists, the objectives and the confrontational actions constituted an innovation that the regime failed to recognise and whose solution was physical and judicial repression. The University of Zaragoza became a continuous focus of challenge to the regime. The legal tools used were the Jurisdiction of Public Order and the Public Order Court. The analysis of their judgements constitutes a primary source of extraordinary importance that reveals that students in Zaragoza were an active and crucial element in the anti-Franco fight in the city. The campus led concentrations, assemblies and other dissatisfaction displays, highlighting the Communist Party of Spain and its pursuit to lead and promote student mobilisation.},
 year = {2021}
}

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T1  - Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court
AU  - Sergio Calvo Romero
Y1  - 2021/07/10
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N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12
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AB  - The history of the University of Zaragoza during the last decade of Franco’s dictatorship is not far from the reality experienced in other campuses such as Madrid’s, Barcelona’s, Valencia’s or Seville’s. Since 1965 the actions in the campus will evolve progressively, reaching days of real struggle that will lead to the direct confrontation with the academic authorities, and the resulting academic sanctions, detentions and identifications, the entry of law enforcement into the campus and even the closure of the university. Throughout the last ten years of the dictatorship, the anti-Franco student mobilisation will open up to the monopoly and personalism of the PCE to give rise to a considerable and constant increasing number of students who will not hesitate to get involved in the creation of new associations and upcoming forms of struggle. During the 1960s a new type of university protest began in which the protagonists, the objectives and the confrontational actions constituted an innovation that the regime failed to recognise and whose solution was physical and judicial repression. The University of Zaragoza became a continuous focus of challenge to the regime. The legal tools used were the Jurisdiction of Public Order and the Public Order Court. The analysis of their judgements constitutes a primary source of extraordinary importance that reveals that students in Zaragoza were an active and crucial element in the anti-Franco fight in the city. The campus led concentrations, assemblies and other dissatisfaction displays, highlighting the Communist Party of Spain and its pursuit to lead and promote student mobilisation.
VL  - 5
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Author Information

Sergio Calvo Romero

Faculty of Philosophy and Literature, History Department, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Sergio Calvo Romero. (2021). Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. American Journal of Education and Information Technology, 5(2), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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Sergio Calvo Romero. Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. Am. J. Educ. Inf. Technol. 2021, 5(2), 74-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Sergio Calvo Romero. Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court. Am J Educ Inf Technol. 2021;5(2):74-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12,
  author = {Sergio Calvo Romero},
  title = {Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court},
  journal = {American Journal of Education and Information Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {74-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajeit.20210502.12},
  abstract = {The history of the University of Zaragoza during the last decade of Franco’s dictatorship is not far from the reality experienced in other campuses such as Madrid’s, Barcelona’s, Valencia’s or Seville’s. Since 1965 the actions in the campus will evolve progressively, reaching days of real struggle that will lead to the direct confrontation with the academic authorities, and the resulting academic sanctions, detentions and identifications, the entry of law enforcement into the campus and even the closure of the university. Throughout the last ten years of the dictatorship, the anti-Franco student mobilisation will open up to the monopoly and personalism of the PCE to give rise to a considerable and constant increasing number of students who will not hesitate to get involved in the creation of new associations and upcoming forms of struggle. During the 1960s a new type of university protest began in which the protagonists, the objectives and the confrontational actions constituted an innovation that the regime failed to recognise and whose solution was physical and judicial repression. The University of Zaragoza became a continuous focus of challenge to the regime. The legal tools used were the Jurisdiction of Public Order and the Public Order Court. The analysis of their judgements constitutes a primary source of extraordinary importance that reveals that students in Zaragoza were an active and crucial element in the anti-Franco fight in the city. The campus led concentrations, assemblies and other dissatisfaction displays, highlighting the Communist Party of Spain and its pursuit to lead and promote student mobilisation.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Repression at the University of Zaragoza: The Role of The Public Order Court
AU  - Sergio Calvo Romero
Y1  - 2021/07/10
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12
T2  - American Journal of Education and Information Technology
JF  - American Journal of Education and Information Technology
JO  - American Journal of Education and Information Technology
SP  - 74
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-712X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeit.20210502.12
AB  - The history of the University of Zaragoza during the last decade of Franco’s dictatorship is not far from the reality experienced in other campuses such as Madrid’s, Barcelona’s, Valencia’s or Seville’s. Since 1965 the actions in the campus will evolve progressively, reaching days of real struggle that will lead to the direct confrontation with the academic authorities, and the resulting academic sanctions, detentions and identifications, the entry of law enforcement into the campus and even the closure of the university. Throughout the last ten years of the dictatorship, the anti-Franco student mobilisation will open up to the monopoly and personalism of the PCE to give rise to a considerable and constant increasing number of students who will not hesitate to get involved in the creation of new associations and upcoming forms of struggle. During the 1960s a new type of university protest began in which the protagonists, the objectives and the confrontational actions constituted an innovation that the regime failed to recognise and whose solution was physical and judicial repression. The University of Zaragoza became a continuous focus of challenge to the regime. The legal tools used were the Jurisdiction of Public Order and the Public Order Court. The analysis of their judgements constitutes a primary source of extraordinary importance that reveals that students in Zaragoza were an active and crucial element in the anti-Franco fight in the city. The campus led concentrations, assemblies and other dissatisfaction displays, highlighting the Communist Party of Spain and its pursuit to lead and promote student mobilisation.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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