| Peer-Reviewed

Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin

Received: 18 October 2022     Accepted: 2 November 2022     Published: 22 November 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The Republic of Benin, like other West African countries, has a low rate of rural electrification (less than 20%). Therefore, all rural health centers operate without electricity. It is necessary to develop solutions to empower rural health centers. Integrated hybrid renewable energy solutions have demonstrated their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity to health centers. This article is part of a technical and economic study of different solutions of mixed renewable energy systems to meet the needs of rural health centers. To determine the electrical load of the rural health center, we used a method that consists of monitoring the electricity consumption of a standard center for 92 days. Using a power meter data logger, health center consumption was recorded for the entire period. The monitored load of the rural health center consists mainly of lighting and electrical appliances such as the freezer. Consumption is monitored with a five minute time step so the data can be used to generate any level of load profile detail. Then a 15 minute step load profile is generated for each day and the daily profiles are repeated to create a load profile for the whole year by applying a small stochastic variation function. Regarding our results, we noted a technical-economic optimization of a small-scale wind-photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a concern for reliability and a comparison with a grid extension solution. Then, we presented the results of monitoring the load of a rural health center and the results of the extension of the network and the hybrid system. Reliability and cost aspects are analyzed. The results obtained showed that despite the scarcity of wind resources, the complementarity of wind and solar potentials increases the efficiency of the system for a break-even point of 1 km to 5 km for wind-PV-battery systems.

Published in American Journal of Energy Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13
Page(s) 103-115
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rural Health Care Centres, Energy Load Estimation, Break-Even Distance, Wind-Pv-Battery System, Energy Shortage Probability, Energy Need Estimation

References
[1] World Bank Open Data | Data, (n.d.). https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed May 5, 2019).
[2] IEA Statistics, (n.d.). http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp (accessed June 30, 2019).
[3] H. Camblong, J. Sarr, A. T. Niang, O. Curea, J. A. Alzola, E. H. Sylla, M. Santos, Micro-grids project, Part 1: Analysis of rural electrification with high content of renewable energy sources in Senegal, Renew. Energy. 34 (2009) 2141–2150. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.01.015.
[4] S. Munuswamy, K. Nakamura, A. Katta, Comparing the cost of electricity sourced from a fuel cell-based renewable energy system and the national grid to electrify a rural health centre in India: A case study, Renew. Energy. 36 (2011) 2978–2983. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.03.041.
[5] O. Erdinc, M. Uzunoglu, Optimum design of hybrid renewable energy systems: Overview of different approaches, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 1412–1425. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.011.
[6] R. Luna-Rubio, M. Trejo-Perea, D. Vargas-Vázquez, G. J. Ríos-Moreno, Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: A review of methodologies, Sol. Energy. 86 (2012) 1077–1088. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2011.10.016.
[7] C. Green, K. A. Byrne, Biomass: Impact on Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in: E.-C. C. J. Cleveland (Ed.), Encycl. Energy, Elsevier, New York, 2004: pp. 223–236. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012176480X004186.
[8] L. Olatomiwa, R. Blanchard, S. Mekhilef, D. Akinyele, Hybrid renewable energy supply for rural healthcare facilities: An approach to quality healthcare delivery, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 30 (2018) 121–138. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2018.09.007.
[9] M. Cloutier, P. Rowley, The feasibility of renewable energy sources for pumping clean water in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study for Central Nigeria, Renew. Energy. 36 (2011) 2220–2226. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.12.019.
[10] A. S. Al Busaidi, H. A. Kazem, A. H. Al-Badi, M. Farooq Khan, A review of optimum sizing of hybrid PV–Wind renewable energy systems in oman, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 53 (2016) 185–193. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.039.
[11] K. Anoune, M. Bouya, A. Astito, A. B. Abdellah, Sizing methods and optimization techniques for PV-wind based hybrid renewable energy system: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 93 (2018) 652–673. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.032.
[12] N. Ghorbani, A. Kasaeian, A. Toopshekan, L. Bahrami, A. Maghami, Optimizing a hybrid wind-PV-battery system using GA-PSO and MOPSO for reducing cost and increasing reliability, Energy. 154 (2018) 581–591. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.057.
[13] E. Muh, F. Tabet, Comparative analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid applications in Southern Cameroons, Renew. Energy. 135 (2019) 41–54. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.105.
[14] M. Belouda, M. Hajjaji, H. Sliti, A. Mami, Bi-objective optimization of a standalone hybrid PV–Wind–battery system generation in a remote area in Tunisia, Sustain. Energy Grids Netw. 16 (2018) 315–326. doi: 10.1016/j.segan.2018.09.005.
[15] S. Bhattacharjee, S. Acharya, PV–wind hybrid power option for a low wind topography, Energy Convers. Manag. 89 (2015) 942–954. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.065.
[16] G. Prasad, Energy sector reform, energy transitions and the poor in Africa, Energy Policy. 36 (2008) 2806–2811. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.042.
[17] 2019 Conference, Powering Health Care. (n.d.). http://poweringhc.org/conference/ (accessed May 5, 2019).
[18] M.-P. Kieny, T. G. Evans, S. Scarpetta, E. T. Kelley, N. Klazinga, I. Forde, J. H. M. Veillard, S. Leatherman, S. Syed, S. M. Kim, S. B. Nejad, L. Donaldson, Delivering quality health services: a global imperative for universal health coverage, The World Bank, 2018. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/482771530290792652/Delivering-quality-health-services-a-global-imperative-for-universal-health-coverage (accessed May 5, 2019).
[19] J. Peters, C. Vance, M. Harsdorff, Grid Extension in Rural Benin: Micro-Manufacturers and the Electrification Trap, World Dev. 39 (2011) 773–783. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.015.
[20] M. Aza-Gnandji, F. Xavier Fifatin, A. Hounnou, F. Dubas, D. Chamagne, C. Espanet, A. Vianou, Complementarity between Solar and Wind Energy Potentials in Benin Republic, 2018. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.28.128.
[21] Benin Data, (n.d.). https://data.worldbank.org/country/benin (accessed July 1, 2019).
[22] Benin Inflation Rate 2019 Data Chart Calendar Forecast News, (n.d.). https://tradingeconomics.com/benin/inflation-cpi?continent=america (accessed July 1, 2019).
[23] M. Lee, D. Soto, V. Modi, Cost versus reliability sizing strategy for isolated photovoltaic micro-grids in the developing world, Renew. Energy. 69 (2014) 16–24. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.019.
[24] Z. Wissem, K. Gueorgui, K. Hédi, Modeling and technical–economic optimization of an autonomous photovoltaic system, Energy. 37 (2012) 263–272. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.11.036.
[25] M. Wetter, Simulation Research Group Building Technologies Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, (n.d.) 109.
[26] E. O. Diemuodeke, A. Addo, C. O. C. Oko, Y. Mulugetta, M. M. Ojapah, Optimal mapping of hybrid renewable energy systems for locations using multi-criteria decision-making algorithm, Renew. Energy. 134 (2019) 461–477. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.055.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Vodounnou Edmond Claude, Gbado Douala Cresus Pierre, Ahouannou Clement, Degan Gerard, Vianou Antoine. (2022). Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin. American Journal of Energy Engineering, 10(4), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Vodounnou Edmond Claude; Gbado Douala Cresus Pierre; Ahouannou Clement; Degan Gerard; Vianou Antoine. Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin. Am. J. Energy Eng. 2022, 10(4), 103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Vodounnou Edmond Claude, Gbado Douala Cresus Pierre, Ahouannou Clement, Degan Gerard, Vianou Antoine. Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin. Am J Energy Eng. 2022;10(4):103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13,
      author = {Vodounnou Edmond Claude and Gbado Douala Cresus Pierre and Ahouannou Clement and Degan Gerard and Vianou Antoine},
      title = {Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin},
      journal = {American Journal of Energy Engineering},
      volume = {10},
      number = {4},
      pages = {103-115},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajee.20221004.13},
      abstract = {The Republic of Benin, like other West African countries, has a low rate of rural electrification (less than 20%). Therefore, all rural health centers operate without electricity. It is necessary to develop solutions to empower rural health centers. Integrated hybrid renewable energy solutions have demonstrated their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity to health centers. This article is part of a technical and economic study of different solutions of mixed renewable energy systems to meet the needs of rural health centers. To determine the electrical load of the rural health center, we used a method that consists of monitoring the electricity consumption of a standard center for 92 days. Using a power meter data logger, health center consumption was recorded for the entire period. The monitored load of the rural health center consists mainly of lighting and electrical appliances such as the freezer. Consumption is monitored with a five minute time step so the data can be used to generate any level of load profile detail. Then a 15 minute step load profile is generated for each day and the daily profiles are repeated to create a load profile for the whole year by applying a small stochastic variation function. Regarding our results, we noted a technical-economic optimization of a small-scale wind-photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a concern for reliability and a comparison with a grid extension solution. Then, we presented the results of monitoring the load of a rural health center and the results of the extension of the network and the hybrid system. Reliability and cost aspects are analyzed. The results obtained showed that despite the scarcity of wind resources, the complementarity of wind and solar potentials increases the efficiency of the system for a break-even point of 1 km to 5 km for wind-PV-battery systems.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic and Small-Scale Wind Turbine Hybrid System for Rural Health Centers: A Case Study in South Benin
    AU  - Vodounnou Edmond Claude
    AU  - Gbado Douala Cresus Pierre
    AU  - Ahouannou Clement
    AU  - Degan Gerard
    AU  - Vianou Antoine
    Y1  - 2022/11/22
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13
    T2  - American Journal of Energy Engineering
    JF  - American Journal of Energy Engineering
    JO  - American Journal of Energy Engineering
    SP  - 103
    EP  - 115
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-163X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajee.20221004.13
    AB  - The Republic of Benin, like other West African countries, has a low rate of rural electrification (less than 20%). Therefore, all rural health centers operate without electricity. It is necessary to develop solutions to empower rural health centers. Integrated hybrid renewable energy solutions have demonstrated their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity to health centers. This article is part of a technical and economic study of different solutions of mixed renewable energy systems to meet the needs of rural health centers. To determine the electrical load of the rural health center, we used a method that consists of monitoring the electricity consumption of a standard center for 92 days. Using a power meter data logger, health center consumption was recorded for the entire period. The monitored load of the rural health center consists mainly of lighting and electrical appliances such as the freezer. Consumption is monitored with a five minute time step so the data can be used to generate any level of load profile detail. Then a 15 minute step load profile is generated for each day and the daily profiles are repeated to create a load profile for the whole year by applying a small stochastic variation function. Regarding our results, we noted a technical-economic optimization of a small-scale wind-photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a concern for reliability and a comparison with a grid extension solution. Then, we presented the results of monitoring the load of a rural health center and the results of the extension of the network and the hybrid system. Reliability and cost aspects are analyzed. The results obtained showed that despite the scarcity of wind resources, the complementarity of wind and solar potentials increases the efficiency of the system for a break-even point of 1 km to 5 km for wind-PV-battery systems.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

  • Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

  • Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

  • Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mechanics, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

  • Laboratory of Materials Thermophysical Characterization and Energy Appropriation (Labo-CTMAE), Calavi Polytechnic School, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin

  • Sections