| Peer-Reviewed

Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria

Received: 24 March 2014     Accepted: 20 April 2014     Published: 30 April 2014
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Background: The study explored the prevalence of substance use among unemployed persons in Ibadan, and the roles of some psychological and socio-demographic variables. Method: A standardized questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 200 unemployed persons. Respondents’ were 109 males and 91 females, with a mean age of 29.07 and a standard deviation of 5.46. Mean years of graduation (when a respondent had graduated without a job) was 5.38 years with a standard deviation of 3.53. Results: Lifetime and current use of psychoactive substances were 69% and 44% respectively, indicating that this particular population (the unemployed) might be at an elevated risk for substance abuse. The most currently used psychoactive substances were alcohol (36%), followed by stimulants (29%), Tobacco (28%), and sedatives (12.5%), while for lifetime use the following were the most common: alcohol (44.5%), stimulant (35%), tobacco (32%) and cannabis (21%). Results showed that age (r = -.23; p<.05), sex (r = -.39; p<.01), Marital status (r = -.22; p<.05), Number of years of formal education (r = -.27; p<.05), number of years spent after graduation (r = .33; p<.01), personality (r = -.47; p<.01), perceived social support (r = -.41; p<.01), and distress tolerance (r = -.47; p<.01) were significantly related to substance use. Conclusion/Recommendation: Unemployed persons should be considered for social schemes and social security benefits. Also, unemployed persons should be targeted for psychological services such as counseling and specially designed psycho-educational programmes aimed at engendering core self-evaluation traits (high self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, emotional stability and internal locus of control), distress tolerance, and social support

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12
Page(s) 32-38
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Substance Use, Psychosocial Factors, Unemployment, Nigeria

References
[1] Gfroerer JC, Brodsky MD. Frequent Cocaine Users and their Use of Treatment. Am J Pub Hth, 1993; 83, 1149-54.
[2] Kandal DB. Drug and Drinking Behaviour among Youth. Ann Rev Soc, 1980; 6, 235 -285.
[3] Janlert U, Hammarstrom A. Alcohol Consumption among Unemployed Youths: Results from a Prospective Study. Br J Addic, 1992; 87, 703-714.
[4] Daughters SB, Lejuez CW. The Relationship among Negative Affect,Distress Tolerance, and Length of Gambling Abstinence Attempt. J Gambling Studs, 2005;21 (4): 363 – 378.
[5] Thompson SC. The Role of Personal Control in Adaptive Functioning. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbk Pos Psy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001.
[6] Kobasa SC, Maddi SR, Kahn S. Hardiness and Health: A Prospective Inquiry. J Pers Soc Psy; 1982; 41, 168 – 177.
[7] Eysenck HJ. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality. J Per, 1990; 58, 245 – 261.
[8] Robins RW, Tracy JD, Trzesniewski K, Potter J, Gosling SD. Personality Correlates of Self-Esteem. J Res Pers; 2001; 35, 463 – 482.
[9] Judge TA, Thoresen CJ, Pucik V, Welbourne TM. Managerial Coping with Organizational Change: A Dispositional Perspective. J App Psy, 1999; 84, 107 – 122.
[10] Judge TA, Locke EA, Durham CC. The Dispositional Causes of Job Satisfaction: A Core Evaluations Approach. Res Org Beh, 1997; 19, 151- 188.
[11] Bono JE, Judge TA. Core Self-Evaluations: A Review of the Trait and its Role in Job Satisfaction and Job Performance. Eur J Pers, 2003; 17, 35 – 518.
[12] Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psych, 1985; 142(11): 1259-1264.
[13] Marlatt GA, Gordon JR. Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press. 1985.
[14] Sinha R. How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharm, 2001; 158(4): 343-359.
[15] McKay JR, Alterman AI, Mulvaney FD, Koppenhaver J. Predicting proximal factors in cocaine relapse and near miss episodes: clinical and theoretical implications. Drug Alc Dep, 1999; 56: 67-78.
[16] Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press. 1993.
[17] Quinn EP, Brandon TH, Copeland AL. Is task persistence related to smoking and substance abuse? The application of learned industriousness theory to addictive behaviors. Exp Clin Psychophar, 1996; 4(2): 186-190.
[18] Brown RA, Lejuez CW, Kahler CW, Strong D. Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts. J Abn Psych, 2002; 111 (2): 127- 139.
[19] Brandon TH, Herzog TA, Juliano LM, Irvin JE, Lazev AB, Simmons VN. Pretreatment task-persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome. J Abn Psych, 2003; 112(3): 448-456.
[20] Eisenberger R. Learned industriousness. Psychol Rev, 1992; 99(2): 248-267.
[21] Dobkin PL, De Civita M, Paraherakis A, Gill K. The role of functional social support in treatment retention and outcomes among outpatient adult substance abusers. Addic, 2002; 97, 347-356.
[22] Lang MA, Belenko S. Predicting retention in a residential drug treatment alternative to prison program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2000; 19(2): 145-160.
[23] Abikoye GE. Psycho-Spatial Predictors of Hazardous Drinking among Motor Drivers in Ibadan, Nigeria: Implications for Vehicular Accidents Prevention. Int J Alc Drug Res, 2012; 1 (1): 11 – 21.
[24] Abikoye GE, Adekoya JA. Predicting Substance Abuse in a Sample of Nigerian Undergraduates: The Role of Core Self-Evaluations and Delay of Gratification. Psychol Stud, 2010; 55 (4): 299 – 307.
[25] Abikoye GE, Olley BO. Social Network Characteristics, Perceived Drinking Norms and Hazardous Alcohol Use. Afr J Drug Alc Stud, 2012; 11 (1): 1 - 7.
[26] Shamsuddin M, Abdul-Han NH. Smoking Behaviour on Family and Consequence in Adolescence. Psychol J Soc Beh, 2000; 20, 135-45.
[27] Adejumola AS, Tayo-Olajubutu TO. Spinning Off an Entrepreneurship Culture among Nigerian University Studies: Prospect and Challenges. Afr J Bus Mgt, 2009; 3 (3): 80 – 88.
[28] Adawo MA, Essien EB, Ekpo NU. Is Nigeria’s Unemployment Problem Unsolvable? Cur Res J Soc Sc, 2012; 4 (6): 389 -395.
[29] Ajufo BI. Challenges of Youth Employment in Nigeria: Effective Career Guidance as a Panacea. Afr Res Rev, 2013; 7 (1): 307 – 321.
[30] Lawanson OI. High Rate of Unemployment in Nigeria: The Consequence on Human Resource Management. Paper Presented at the 7th Global Conference on Business and Economics, 13th – 14th October, 2007, Rome, Italy.
[31] Shadare OA. Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Causes, Effects and Remedies. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2012; 5 (2): 142 – 159.
[32] National Bureau of Statistics. Social Statistical in Nigeria: 2012. Abuja: Author. 2012.
[33] Cohen S, Mermelstein R, Kamarck T, Hoberman H. Measuring the functional components of social support. In Sarason, I. and Sarason, B. (Eds.) 1985. Social support: Theory, research, and applications. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht: Netherlands, pp. 73-94. 1985.
[34] Heitzmann CA, Kaplan RM. Assessment of methods for measuring social support. Health Psychology, 1988; 7(1): 75-109.
[35] Judge TA, Erez A, Bono JE, Thoresen CJ. The Core Self-Evaluations Scale: Development of a Measure. Gainesville, FL: Warrington College of Business Press. 2003.
[36] Abikoye GE. Core Self-Evaluations and Workplace Well-Being among Health Workers in Selected Private Hospitals in Ibadan. Afr J Psy Stud Soc Iss, 2007; 10 (2): 197-207.
[37] Abikoye GE, Sholarin AM. Core-Self Evaluations and Psychological Health among Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients in Southwestern Nigeria. Int J Appl Sc Tech, 2012; 2 (6), 67 – 72.
[38] Tellegen A. Brief manual for the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 1982.
[39] Chen G. Social Support, Spiritual Program, and Addiction Recovery. Int J Offender Ther Comp Crim, 2006; 50, 306.
[40] Carroll S. Spirituality and Purpose in Life in Alcoholism Recovery. J Stud Alc, 1993; 54, 297-301.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    James A. Adekoya, Gboyega E. Abikoye. (2014). Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(2), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    James A. Adekoya; Gboyega E. Abikoye. Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2014, 3(2), 32-38. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    James A. Adekoya, Gboyega E. Abikoye. Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria. Am J Appl Psychol. 2014;3(2):32-38. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12,
      author = {James A. Adekoya and Gboyega E. Abikoye},
      title = {Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-38},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20140302.12},
      abstract = {Background: The study explored the prevalence of substance use among unemployed persons in Ibadan, and the roles of some psychological and socio-demographic variables. Method: A standardized questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 200 unemployed persons. Respondents’ were 109 males and 91 females, with a mean age of 29.07 and a standard deviation of 5.46. Mean years of graduation (when a respondent had graduated without a job) was 5.38 years with a standard deviation of 3.53. Results: Lifetime and current use of psychoactive substances were 69% and 44% respectively, indicating that this particular population (the unemployed) might be at an elevated risk for substance abuse. The most currently used psychoactive substances were alcohol (36%), followed by stimulants (29%), Tobacco (28%), and sedatives (12.5%), while for lifetime use the following were the most common: alcohol (44.5%), stimulant (35%), tobacco (32%) and cannabis (21%). Results showed that age (r = -.23; p<.05), sex (r = -.39; p<.01), Marital status (r = -.22; p<.05), Number of years of formal education (r = -.27; p<.05), number of years spent after graduation (r = .33; p<.01), personality (r = -.47; p<.01), perceived social support (r = -.41; p<.01), and distress tolerance (r = -.47; p<.01) were significantly related to substance use. Conclusion/Recommendation: Unemployed persons should be considered for social schemes and social security benefits. Also, unemployed persons should be targeted for psychological services such as counseling and specially designed psycho-educational programmes aimed at engendering core self-evaluation traits (high self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, emotional stability and internal locus of control), distress tolerance, and social support},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Use among Unemployed Persons in Ibadan, Nigeria
    AU  - James A. Adekoya
    AU  - Gboyega E. Abikoye
    Y1  - 2014/04/30
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12
    T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
    SP  - 32
    EP  - 38
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5672
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20140302.12
    AB  - Background: The study explored the prevalence of substance use among unemployed persons in Ibadan, and the roles of some psychological and socio-demographic variables. Method: A standardized questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 200 unemployed persons. Respondents’ were 109 males and 91 females, with a mean age of 29.07 and a standard deviation of 5.46. Mean years of graduation (when a respondent had graduated without a job) was 5.38 years with a standard deviation of 3.53. Results: Lifetime and current use of psychoactive substances were 69% and 44% respectively, indicating that this particular population (the unemployed) might be at an elevated risk for substance abuse. The most currently used psychoactive substances were alcohol (36%), followed by stimulants (29%), Tobacco (28%), and sedatives (12.5%), while for lifetime use the following were the most common: alcohol (44.5%), stimulant (35%), tobacco (32%) and cannabis (21%). Results showed that age (r = -.23; p<.05), sex (r = -.39; p<.01), Marital status (r = -.22; p<.05), Number of years of formal education (r = -.27; p<.05), number of years spent after graduation (r = .33; p<.01), personality (r = -.47; p<.01), perceived social support (r = -.41; p<.01), and distress tolerance (r = -.47; p<.01) were significantly related to substance use. Conclusion/Recommendation: Unemployed persons should be considered for social schemes and social security benefits. Also, unemployed persons should be targeted for psychological services such as counseling and specially designed psycho-educational programmes aimed at engendering core self-evaluation traits (high self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, emotional stability and internal locus of control), distress tolerance, and social support
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Psychology and Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

  • Department of Clinical Psychology, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria

  • Sections