Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in <i>Crassostrea Spp</i> (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA

Uwem Udosen Ubong; Ifiok Okon Ekwere; Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe; Clement Obadimu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA

Uwem Udosen Ubong, Ifiok Okon Ekwere, Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe, Clement Obadimu

Published in American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 1 February 2023 Accepted: 24 February 2023 Published: 27 June 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study evaluates the level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Crassostrea spp. (oysters) at Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined with Gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oysters were selected randomly at three sample study areas analyzed for heavy metal and THC. The results for lead, copper, cadmium and nickel analysis showed that the mean metal concentration at site A were as follows: Pb (1.014 ± 0.011 mg/kg), Cu (0.067 ± 0.089 mg/kg), Ni (0.029 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Cd (0.001±0.001 mg/kg); site B - Pb (1.033 ± 0.003 mg/kg), Ni (1.027 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cu (0.045 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and site C (control) – Ni (1.025 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Pb (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cu (0.001 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cd was below detection limit (BDL). The total hydrocarbon content at site A was (141244.0±6801.3 mg/kg), site B (172130.4±25703.1 mg/kg) and site C (1894.7±94.3 mg/kg). Health risk was estimated to assess the total hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals at the study sites. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals at the study sites were: site A Pb (2.589mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), Cu (0.171 mg/kg) and Ni (0.072 mg/kg). THQ at site A of Pb was 2.7795, Cd (0.0096), Cu (0.0174) and Ni (0.0005), site B Pb (2.8316) was the highest followed by Ni (0.4927), Cu (0.01167) and Cd (0.0288) and site C (control) Ni (0.4917) was the highest followed by Pb (0.0027) and Cu (0.0003). The THQ results from site C were below 1 and as such the oysters were safe for consumption. The total hazard quotient for sites A and B, for Cu Cd and Ni were less than 1 and Pb greater than 1, implying that the oysters from sites A and B were not safe and will pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants. Statistically, there was no significant difference because the P_0.05-value was greater than alpha (p>0.05).

Published in	American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
Page(s)	17-24
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Heavy Metal, Total Hydrocarbon, Crassostrea Spp. (Oysters), Total Hazard Quotient

References

[1]	Abha, S., and Singh, C. S. (2012). Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living OrganismsRemediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation In Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites. Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Available on line at www.intechopen.com.
[2]	Agusa, T., Kunito, T., Sudaryanto, A., Monirith, I and Iwata, H (2007). Exposure assessment for trace elements from consumption of marine shell fish in Southeast Asia. Environ Poll 145 (3): 766-777.
[3]	Alavian, Petroody S. S., Hamidian, A. H., Ashrafi, S., Eagderi, S and Khazaee, M. (2016) “Study on age-related bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the soft tissue of rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) from Laft Port – Qeshm Island, Iran” Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16 (3) 897-906 2017.
[4]	AOAC (1995). Official method of analysis, 16th Edition, Association of Analytical Chemist. Arlington Virginia, 4: 1-16.
[5]	AOAC (2000), official method of Analysis, 17th edition, Association of Analytical Chemist. Gaithersburg, MD, USA. 624-642.
[6]	Bahr, L. M., Lanier, W. P., (1981). The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic Coast: a community profile. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Program FWS/OBS/ -81/15, pp. 105.
[7]	Barnes, K. K., Kolphin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T. and Barber, L. B. (2008) “A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic waste contaminants in the United States”.
[8]	Chiu W. C. and Cheng D. D. (2012) Determination of Hydrocarbons in industrial harbor Sediments and marine organisms by GC-MS. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.
[9]	Clinton, I. H., Ujagwung, U. G. and Horsfall, M. (2008). Evaluation of total hydrocarbon levels in some aquatic media in an oil polluted mangrove Wetland in the Niger Delta. Vol. 9 (3) 593 – 661.
[10]	Ekanem, A. E., Ikpe, E. E. Ekwere, I. E. (2019). Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in soil around automobile repair workshops within Eket metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International journal of research and scientific innovation. Vol. 6, issue 1, 102- 107.
[11]	FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2003. Retrieved 2012. From Heavy Metal Regulations Faolex: http://faolex.org/docs/pdf/eri42405.pdf
[12]	Góngora-Gómez A. M., García-Ulloa, M., Muñoz-Sevilla, P. N. and Domínguez-Orozco, A. L. (2017). Heavy-metal contents in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultivated on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Hydrobiological 27 (2): 219-227.
[13]	Ikpe, E. E. Ekwere, I. O., Ukpong, E. G., Effiong, J. O., Okon, O. E. (2019). Evaluation of the levels of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Tympanotomus fuscatus and sediment, Qua-Iboe River, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Chemical science International journal. Vol. 27, issue 4, 1-17.
[14]	Ikpe, E. E., Ubong, U. U. and Archibong, U. D. (2022). Proximate analysis, heavy metals hydrocarbon content of Callinectes sapidus obtained from Ibaka River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. JEJOST.
[15]	IPAN, 2005. Institute of Public Analyst of Nigeria. Water and Waste water Analysis. Paper Presented in Pre-Admission Training Workshop on Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, Medical Devices, Water, Environment and Petroleum.
[16]	Jorge, R., Ruelas-Inzunza, M. D. Faruk, H., (2015) Heavy metals in different clam species from 34 sites of Malaysian Coast.
[17]	Li, J., Liu, G., Yin, L., Xue, J., Qi, H. and Li, Y. 2013. Distribution Characteristics of Total Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Biota from Zha Long Wet Land, China. Environmental monitoring assessment, 185: 3163-3171.
[18]	Ogbeifun, D. E, Archibong, U. D., Chiedu, I. E. Ikpe, E. E. (2019). Assessment of the water quality of Boreholes in selected areas in Benin city, Edo state, Nigeria. Chemical science international Journal. Vol. 28 (2) 1-13.
[19]	Onen, S., Kucuksezgin, F. and Kocak, F. 2011. Temporal And Spatial Bio monitoring of HeavyMetals in Eastern Aegean Costal Waters Using Amphitrite. Air pollution bulletin, 62: 2548-2556.
[20]	Sarbe, A., Navjaya, A. J. and Galadima, A. I. (2008)" Assessment of some heavy metals in water, sediment and fresh shell fish from river Gongola in Yamaltu, Gombe, Nigeria". International Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
[21]	Schwapp, A. P., Su J., Wetzel, S., Pekarek, S. and Banks, M. K. (1999). Extraction of petroleum hydrocarbon from river by mechanical shaking. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33: 1940-1945.
[22]	United State Environmental Protection Agency USEPA. 1987. Technical Guidance for Hazard Analysis. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D. C.
[23]	US-EPA IRIS (2006). United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System. .
[24]	Ubong, U. U., Horsfall, M. and Ubong, I U. (2011) Distribution of heavy metals in tissues of Callinectus latimanus from the NEW Calabar River Nigeria. Afr J. Environ. Pollut. Health 9 (i): 7-13 “2011” ISSN = 1596-7425.
[25]	Ubong, U. U., Ubong, I. U. Ubong, E. U., Etukudoh, O. U. (2015). Assessment of Quality of Potable water sources in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research (2278-7844) #136/volume 4 Issue 8.
[26]	Ubong, U. U., and Ekwere, I. O. (2022). Distribution and human health risk Assessment of heavy metals in tissue of Callinectes sapidus from Iko River, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Asian journal of Environment and Ecology. 19 (3).
[27]	Ubong, U. U., Ekwere I. O., Ikpe, E. E. and Obadimu C. O. (2022). Heavy metals and total hydrocarbon grown along shores of Qua- Iboe River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Chemical science international journal. Vol. 31, issue 5, 11-18.
[28]	Ubong., U. U., Ekwere, I. O., Obadimu, C. O. and Uwanta, E. J (2023) Pollution Status of Dumpsites within Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. Vol. 27, issue1, 1-10.
[29]	WHO (World Health Organization), Lead: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), WHO Food Additives Series 44, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
[30]	WHO, (2008). Guideline for drinking water quality, 3rd ed. Incorporating 1st and 2nd Addenda. Vol. 1: Recommendation. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong, Ifiok Okon Ekwere, Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe, Clement Obadimu. (2023). Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, 7(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong; Ifiok Okon Ekwere; Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe; Clement Obadimu. Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Am. J. Appl. Ind. Chem. 2023, 7(1), 17-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong, Ifiok Okon Ekwere, Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe, Clement Obadimu. Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Am J Appl Ind Chem. 2023;7(1):17-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13,
  author = {Uwem Udosen Ubong and Ifiok Okon Ekwere and Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe and Clement Obadimu},
  title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  abstract = {This study evaluates the level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Crassostrea spp. (oysters) at Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined with Gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oysters were selected randomly at three sample study areas analyzed for heavy metal and THC. The results for lead, copper, cadmium and nickel analysis showed that the mean metal concentration at site A were as follows: Pb (1.014 ± 0.011 mg/kg), Cu (0.067 ± 0.089 mg/kg), Ni (0.029 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Cd (0.001±0.001 mg/kg); site B - Pb (1.033 ± 0.003 mg/kg), Ni (1.027 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cu (0.045 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and site C (control) – Ni (1.025 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Pb (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cu (0.001 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cd was below detection limit (BDL). The total hydrocarbon content at site A was (141244.0±6801.3 mg/kg), site B (172130.4±25703.1 mg/kg) and site C (1894.7±94.3 mg/kg). Health risk was estimated to assess the total hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals at the study sites. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals at the study sites were: site A Pb (2.589mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), Cu (0.171 mg/kg) and Ni (0.072 mg/kg). THQ at site A of Pb was 2.7795, Cd (0.0096), Cu (0.0174) and Ni (0.0005), site B Pb (2.8316) was the highest followed by Ni (0.4927), Cu (0.01167) and Cd (0.0288) and site C (control) Ni (0.4917) was the highest followed by Pb (0.0027) and Cu (0.0003). The THQ results from site C were below 1 and as such the oysters were safe for consumption. The total hazard quotient for sites A and B, for Cu Cd and Ni were less than 1 and Pb greater than 1, implying that the oysters from sites A and B were not safe and will pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants. Statistically, there was no significant difference because the P0.05-value was greater than alpha (p>0.05).},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA
AU  - Uwem Udosen Ubong
AU  - Ifiok Okon Ekwere
AU  - Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe
AU  - Clement Obadimu
Y1  - 2023/06/27
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
SP  - 17
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7294
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
AB  - This study evaluates the level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Crassostrea spp. (oysters) at Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined with Gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oysters were selected randomly at three sample study areas analyzed for heavy metal and THC. The results for lead, copper, cadmium and nickel analysis showed that the mean metal concentration at site A were as follows: Pb (1.014 ± 0.011 mg/kg), Cu (0.067 ± 0.089 mg/kg), Ni (0.029 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Cd (0.001±0.001 mg/kg); site B - Pb (1.033 ± 0.003 mg/kg), Ni (1.027 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cu (0.045 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and site C (control) – Ni (1.025 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Pb (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cu (0.001 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cd was below detection limit (BDL). The total hydrocarbon content at site A was (141244.0±6801.3 mg/kg), site B (172130.4±25703.1 mg/kg) and site C (1894.7±94.3 mg/kg). Health risk was estimated to assess the total hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals at the study sites. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals at the study sites were: site A Pb (2.589mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), Cu (0.171 mg/kg) and Ni (0.072 mg/kg). THQ at site A of Pb was 2.7795, Cd (0.0096), Cu (0.0174) and Ni (0.0005), site B Pb (2.8316) was the highest followed by Ni (0.4927), Cu (0.01167) and Cd (0.0288) and site C (control) Ni (0.4917) was the highest followed by Pb (0.0027) and Cu (0.0003). The THQ results from site C were below 1 and as such the oysters were safe for consumption. The total hazard quotient for sites A and B, for Cu Cd and Ni were less than 1 and Pb greater than 1, implying that the oysters from sites A and B were not safe and will pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants. Statistically, there was no significant difference because the P0.05-value was greater than alpha (p>0.05).
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Uwem Udosen Ubong

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University (Main Campus), Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Ifiok Okon Ekwere

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University (Main Campus), Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University (Main Campus), Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Clement Obadimu

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University (Main Campus), Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong, Ifiok Okon Ekwere, Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe, Clement Obadimu. (2023). Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, 7(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong; Ifiok Okon Ekwere; Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe; Clement Obadimu. Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Am. J. Appl. Ind. Chem. 2023, 7(1), 17-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Uwem Udosen Ubong, Ifiok Okon Ekwere, Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe, Clement Obadimu. Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Am J Appl Ind Chem. 2023;7(1):17-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13,
  author = {Uwem Udosen Ubong and Ifiok Okon Ekwere and Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe and Clement Obadimu},
  title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaic.20230701.13},
  abstract = {This study evaluates the level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Crassostrea spp. (oysters) at Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined with Gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oysters were selected randomly at three sample study areas analyzed for heavy metal and THC. The results for lead, copper, cadmium and nickel analysis showed that the mean metal concentration at site A were as follows: Pb (1.014 ± 0.011 mg/kg), Cu (0.067 ± 0.089 mg/kg), Ni (0.029 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Cd (0.001±0.001 mg/kg); site B - Pb (1.033 ± 0.003 mg/kg), Ni (1.027 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cu (0.045 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and site C (control) – Ni (1.025 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Pb (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cu (0.001 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cd was below detection limit (BDL). The total hydrocarbon content at site A was (141244.0±6801.3 mg/kg), site B (172130.4±25703.1 mg/kg) and site C (1894.7±94.3 mg/kg). Health risk was estimated to assess the total hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals at the study sites. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals at the study sites were: site A Pb (2.589mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), Cu (0.171 mg/kg) and Ni (0.072 mg/kg). THQ at site A of Pb was 2.7795, Cd (0.0096), Cu (0.0174) and Ni (0.0005), site B Pb (2.8316) was the highest followed by Ni (0.4927), Cu (0.01167) and Cd (0.0288) and site C (control) Ni (0.4917) was the highest followed by Pb (0.0027) and Cu (0.0003). The THQ results from site C were below 1 and as such the oysters were safe for consumption. The total hazard quotient for sites A and B, for Cu Cd and Ni were less than 1 and Pb greater than 1, implying that the oysters from sites A and B were not safe and will pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants. Statistically, there was no significant difference because the P0.05-value was greater than alpha (p>0.05).},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Crassostrea Spp (Oysters) from Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA
AU  - Uwem Udosen Ubong
AU  - Ifiok Okon Ekwere
AU  - Edidiong Emmanuel Ikpe
AU  - Clement Obadimu
Y1  - 2023/06/27
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
SP  - 17
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7294
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20230701.13
AB  - This study evaluates the level of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon content in Crassostrea spp. (oysters) at Qua Iboe River, Ibeno LGA. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined with Gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oysters were selected randomly at three sample study areas analyzed for heavy metal and THC. The results for lead, copper, cadmium and nickel analysis showed that the mean metal concentration at site A were as follows: Pb (1.014 ± 0.011 mg/kg), Cu (0.067 ± 0.089 mg/kg), Ni (0.029 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Cd (0.001±0.001 mg/kg); site B - Pb (1.033 ± 0.003 mg/kg), Ni (1.027 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cu (0.045 ± 0.010 mg/kg), Cd (0.003 ± 0.002 mg/kg) and site C (control) – Ni (1.025 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Pb (0.01 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cu (0.001 ± 0.001 mg/kg), Cd was below detection limit (BDL). The total hydrocarbon content at site A was (141244.0±6801.3 mg/kg), site B (172130.4±25703.1 mg/kg) and site C (1894.7±94.3 mg/kg). Health risk was estimated to assess the total hazard quotient (THQ) of heavy metals at the study sites. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals at the study sites were: site A Pb (2.589mg/kg), Cd (0.003 mg/kg), Cu (0.171 mg/kg) and Ni (0.072 mg/kg). THQ at site A of Pb was 2.7795, Cd (0.0096), Cu (0.0174) and Ni (0.0005), site B Pb (2.8316) was the highest followed by Ni (0.4927), Cu (0.01167) and Cd (0.0288) and site C (control) Ni (0.4917) was the highest followed by Pb (0.0027) and Cu (0.0003). The THQ results from site C were below 1 and as such the oysters were safe for consumption. The total hazard quotient for sites A and B, for Cu Cd and Ni were less than 1 and Pb greater than 1, implying that the oysters from sites A and B were not safe and will pose an appreciable hazard to humans for the metal pollutants. Statistically, there was no significant difference because the P0.05-value was greater than alpha (p>0.05).
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download