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Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions

Received: 3 November 2014     Accepted: 12 November 2014     Published: 2 June 2015
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Abstract

Ixora or Jungle Geranium (Ixora coccinea) is an invaluable plant in tropical landscapes for its beautiful foliage, easiness of growing and fabulous flowers freely formed and artfully presented. Sri Lanka exports Ixora hybrids as planting materials after rooting the Ixora cuttings on a coir dust media. Exporting potted Ixora plants with flowers is more beneficial than that without flowers as flowers increase product quality and gain customer attraction. In commercial floriculture venture, flower induction at young age using plant growth regulators and fertilizers is a popular practice. An experiment was conducted to investigate the most effective combination of a plant growth regulator and fertilizers for early flower initiation of Ixora hybrids; Vulcanus, Chanmai, Nora grant and Kontiki under outdoor and shaded conditions. Six-month-aged healthy plants of Ixora hybrids grown in containers were treated with a flowering hormone containing Nitrobenzene in combination with two fertilizer types: F1 – Bloom special and F2 – Krista K 44. Flowering hormone was sprayed in four concentrations; H1= 0.075% (V/V), H2 = 0.100% (V/V), H3 = 0.125% (V/V) and H4 = 0.150% (V/V) once in two weeks. Both fertilizers were applied as a liquid spray in same concentration (1 g/L of water) once a week. All the cultural practices were similarly applied to the plants under two light levels (outdoor light ‘L1’and shaded conditions ‘L2’). There were 16 treatment combinations and control, each with five replicates. Each treatment combination consisted of three plants. The number of flower-initiated plants per treatment combination was recorded as a percentage for five weeks. Percentage values after five weeks of treatments were transformed into log values and used for the analysis of variance. All the hybrids except Vulcanus showed a significant flower induction compared to the control. Outdoor light and shaded conditions were not significantly different to each other showing the potentiality of early flower initiation of hybrids under shaded condition. However, no significant difference in flower induction was observed among four levels of the flowering hormone and the two types of fertilizers (p> 0.05) in all four Ixora hybrids despite differences among the hybrids. Therefore, it could be concluded that the least expensive combination of hormone and fertilizer type could play a profitable and a positive role in early flower induction of Ixora at an age of six months.

Published in American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry (Volume 3, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11
Page(s) 124-126
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Floriculture, Ixora Coccinea, Nitrobenzene, Flowering Hormone, Flower Induction

References
[1] Bhattacharjee S.K. and Chandra De L, (2003), Advanced commercial Floriculture, Aavishkar publishers, India, 802pp.
[2] Parthipan, S, (2001), Development of floriculture industry in up country, Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, pp 30-44.
[3] Liogier, H. A, (1997), Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands, Vol. 5. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR. 436 p.
[4] Keightley J,(2009), Aspects of Flowering, Quandio Publications, Great Britain.
[5] Lin Jinshui, Luanmei Lu and Yalan Zhang, (2010), Chinese Agriultural Science Bulletin.
[6] Aziz, M.A. and M.A Miah, (2009), Effect of “Flora” on the Growth and Yield of Wetland Rice.JARD. http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/ accessed on 20th May 2011.
[7] Kannan K, Jawaharlal M, and Prabhu M, (2009), Agricultural research communication centre, india.www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com.
[8] Chen L, Y.C. Chien and C.H. Min (2003), Inflorescence and Flower Development in Chinese Ixora, Journal of American society for Horticultural science.
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    Hapu Arachchige Ruwani Kalpana Jayawardana, Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Zakeel, Channa De Zoysa. (2015). Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 3(4), 124-126. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11

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    Hapu Arachchige Ruwani Kalpana Jayawardana; Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Zakeel; Channa De Zoysa. Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions. Am. J. Agric. For. 2015, 3(4), 124-126. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11

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    AMA Style

    Hapu Arachchige Ruwani Kalpana Jayawardana, Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Zakeel, Channa De Zoysa. Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions. Am J Agric For. 2015;3(4):124-126. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11,
      author = {Hapu Arachchige Ruwani Kalpana Jayawardana and Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Zakeel and Channa De Zoysa},
      title = {Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions},
      journal = {American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry},
      volume = {3},
      number = {4},
      pages = {124-126},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaf.20150304.11},
      abstract = {Ixora or Jungle Geranium (Ixora coccinea) is an invaluable plant in tropical landscapes for its beautiful foliage, easiness of growing and fabulous flowers freely formed and artfully presented. Sri Lanka exports Ixora hybrids as planting materials after rooting the Ixora cuttings on a coir dust media. Exporting potted Ixora plants with flowers is more beneficial than that without flowers as flowers increase product quality and gain customer attraction. In commercial floriculture venture, flower induction at young age using plant growth regulators and fertilizers is a popular practice. An experiment was conducted to investigate the most effective combination of a plant growth regulator and fertilizers for early flower initiation of Ixora hybrids; Vulcanus, Chanmai, Nora grant and Kontiki under outdoor and shaded conditions. Six-month-aged healthy plants of Ixora hybrids grown in containers were treated with a flowering hormone containing Nitrobenzene in combination with two fertilizer types: F1 – Bloom special and F2 – Krista K 44. Flowering hormone was sprayed in four concentrations; H1= 0.075% (V/V), H2 = 0.100% (V/V), H3 = 0.125% (V/V) and H4 = 0.150% (V/V) once in two weeks. Both fertilizers were applied as a liquid spray in same concentration (1 g/L of water) once a week. All the cultural practices were similarly applied to the plants under two light levels (outdoor light ‘L1’and shaded conditions ‘L2’). There were 16 treatment combinations and control, each with five replicates. Each treatment combination consisted of three plants. The number of flower-initiated plants per treatment combination was recorded as a percentage for five weeks. Percentage values after five weeks of treatments were transformed into log values and used for the analysis of variance. All the hybrids except Vulcanus showed a significant flower induction compared to the control. Outdoor light and shaded conditions were not significantly different to each other showing the potentiality of early flower initiation of hybrids under shaded condition. However, no significant difference in flower induction was observed among four levels of the flowering hormone and the two types of fertilizers (p> 0.05) in all four Ixora hybrids despite differences among the hybrids. Therefore, it could be concluded that the least expensive combination of hormone and fertilizer type could play a profitable and a positive role in early flower induction of Ixora at an age of six months.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Effect of a Hormone Containing Nitrobenzene in Combination with Fertilizers on Early Flower Induction of Ixora coccinea Hybrids under Outdoor and Shaded Conditions
    AU  - Hapu Arachchige Ruwani Kalpana Jayawardana
    AU  - Mohamed Cassim Mohamed Zakeel
    AU  - Channa De Zoysa
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11
    T2  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    JF  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    JO  - American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
    SP  - 124
    EP  - 126
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8591
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20150304.11
    AB  - Ixora or Jungle Geranium (Ixora coccinea) is an invaluable plant in tropical landscapes for its beautiful foliage, easiness of growing and fabulous flowers freely formed and artfully presented. Sri Lanka exports Ixora hybrids as planting materials after rooting the Ixora cuttings on a coir dust media. Exporting potted Ixora plants with flowers is more beneficial than that without flowers as flowers increase product quality and gain customer attraction. In commercial floriculture venture, flower induction at young age using plant growth regulators and fertilizers is a popular practice. An experiment was conducted to investigate the most effective combination of a plant growth regulator and fertilizers for early flower initiation of Ixora hybrids; Vulcanus, Chanmai, Nora grant and Kontiki under outdoor and shaded conditions. Six-month-aged healthy plants of Ixora hybrids grown in containers were treated with a flowering hormone containing Nitrobenzene in combination with two fertilizer types: F1 – Bloom special and F2 – Krista K 44. Flowering hormone was sprayed in four concentrations; H1= 0.075% (V/V), H2 = 0.100% (V/V), H3 = 0.125% (V/V) and H4 = 0.150% (V/V) once in two weeks. Both fertilizers were applied as a liquid spray in same concentration (1 g/L of water) once a week. All the cultural practices were similarly applied to the plants under two light levels (outdoor light ‘L1’and shaded conditions ‘L2’). There were 16 treatment combinations and control, each with five replicates. Each treatment combination consisted of three plants. The number of flower-initiated plants per treatment combination was recorded as a percentage for five weeks. Percentage values after five weeks of treatments were transformed into log values and used for the analysis of variance. All the hybrids except Vulcanus showed a significant flower induction compared to the control. Outdoor light and shaded conditions were not significantly different to each other showing the potentiality of early flower initiation of hybrids under shaded condition. However, no significant difference in flower induction was observed among four levels of the flowering hormone and the two types of fertilizers (p> 0.05) in all four Ixora hybrids despite differences among the hybrids. Therefore, it could be concluded that the least expensive combination of hormone and fertilizer type could play a profitable and a positive role in early flower induction of Ixora at an age of six months.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Botany, Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka

  • Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

  • Serendib Horticulture Technologies (Pvt) Ltd., Kalagedihena, Sri Lanka

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